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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 33 > Flashcards

Chapter 33 Flashcards

1
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A
  • the body’s third line of defense

- very specific

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2
Q

What cells are involved in adaptive immunity?

A

-lymphocytes: B cells and T cells

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3
Q

What antibody-mediated immunity? What cells?

A
  • antibodies attacking outside the cell

- B cells

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4
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

-antibody-mediated immunity

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5
Q

What kind of infections does humoral immunity attack?

A
  • attacks foreign pathogen outside of the cell
  • extracellular pathogens
  • virus, bacteria, fungi
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6
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity? What cells?

A
  • cells attacking cells

- T cells

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7
Q

What does cell-mediated immunity attack?

A
  • foreign particles inside the cell
  • intracellular pathogens
  • will eliminate infected cells
  • cancer cells and sometimes organ and tissue transplants
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8
Q

What is significant about adaptive immunity?

A

-it must be activated

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9
Q

What are the two signals for the activation of adaptive immunity?

A
  • a specific antigen

- a chemical signal: may come from injured or infected cells

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10
Q

Where are most lymphocytes found?

A
  • bone marrow
  • thymus gland
  • lymph nodes
  • the spleen
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11
Q

What is an antigen?

A
  • molecules that tell the immune system to make certain responses on the outer membrane of the cell
  • B and T cells recognize the antigen and attack specific one
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12
Q

What is the antigen that identifies “self” cells?

A

-MHC-I

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13
Q

What are antibodies?

A
  • plasma proteins of the class immunoglobulins

- made by B cells

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14
Q

What is a plasma cell?

A
  • effector B cells
  • (activated)
  • secrete antibodies
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15
Q

What are the action steps for lymphocytes?

A
  • activation (2 step)
  • clonal selection
  • elimination
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16
Q

What is the clonal selection?

A

-foreign antigens match to antigens on lymphocytes

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17
Q

What does the clonal selection cause?

A
  • proliferation (replication) of lymphocytes which creates clones: effector and memory cells
  • differentiation/specialization of lymphocytes
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18
Q

What is an effector cell?

A

-B or T cell that is actively producing an immune response

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19
Q

What is a memory cell?

A

-B or T cell that has been activated but is not producing an active response

20
Q

What do T cells need to have?

A

-must have antigens presented to them

21
Q

What is exogenous processing? Which MHC is altered?

A
  • occurs if foreign antigen is outside the body cell

- MHC-II

22
Q

Which cells present the antigen in exogenous processing?

A
  • APC:
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • B cells
23
Q

What is endogenous processing? What MHC is altered?

A
  • occurs if foreign antigens is inside the body cell

- MHC-I

24
Q

Which cells present the antigen in endogenous processing?

A

-most body cells

25
Q

What are the specialized T cells that proliferate after activation?

A
  • effector T cells: helper T, cytotoxic T

- memory t cells

26
Q

What are CD8+ and CD4+?

A
  • CD8+ = cytotoxic T cells

- CD4+ = helper T cells

27
Q

What is the function of memory T cells?

A

-wait around so second response is much quicker than the first response

28
Q

What is elimination?

A

-cytotoxic T cells recognize and attach target cells

29
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells kill the cell?

A
  • Granzymes: protein digesting enzymes

- Perforin and Granulysin: P creares a channel and G enters and causes apoptosis

30
Q

What is slower humoral or cell-mediated? Why?

A

-cell-mediated it slower because T-lymphocytes are not circulating the blood stream in high numbers

31
Q

How are B cells activated?

A

-when they bind to an extracellular antigen

32
Q

How are B cells costimulated?

A

-by IL-2 from helper T cells

33
Q

What is the connection between cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity?

A

-interleukin-2

34
Q

What would happen if CD4 cells were wiped out, like in the case of HIV?

A

-the Cytotoxic T cells and B cells would not be activated

35
Q

What do B cells differentiate into?

A
  • plasma cells

- memory B cells

36
Q

What is the function of Plasma cells?

A

-secrete huge amounts of antibodies that respond to the foreign antigen

37
Q

What is the function of memory B cells?

A

-can quickly make antibodies to respond to the same antigen on another exposure

38
Q

What is the difference in immune reaction between first exposure to the foreign antigen and second exposure to the foreign antigen? How does this relate to vaccines?

A
  • first: takes a few days to make antibodies then returns to normal
  • second: memory cells respond to same antigen quickly with MANY more antibodies
  • vaccines: contain killed pathogens that cause a response to make antibodies to then make memory cells
39
Q

What are antibodies?

A
  • immunoglobulin proteins

- made of 4 chains of amino acids (2 heavy and 2 light)

40
Q

What are the five classes of antibodies?

A
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgE
  • IgD
41
Q

What is the function of each class of antibodies?

A
  • IgG: most abundant; secreted during secondary response; can pass through placenta and breast milk
  • IgA: found in mucous membranes, saliva, and tears
  • IgM: on the plasma membrane of naive B cells; secreted after initial contact with antigen
  • IgE: allergic response
  • IgD: unknown
42
Q

How do antibodies attack pathogens?

A
  • neutralize toxins and prevent attachment
  • cause bacteria to lose motility
  • cause pathogens to clump
  • initiate complement system
  • attract phagocytes
43
Q

What is the complement system? Function?

A
  • inactive enzymes that become activated and cause a series of reactions
  • forms membrane attack complex (MAC; pores) which causes cell to swell and burst
  • enhances phagocytosis and inflammation
44
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

A
  • active: when an individuals own immune system responds to harmful agents
  • passive: when immunity to a disease that has developed in another individual; ex. pregnancy and serum
45
Q

What does initiation of immune response depend on? T and B cells?

A
  • recognition of foreign substances (antigens)
  • T cells must have antigen-presenting cells with MHC-II present things to them
  • B cells recognize antigens in lymph, blood, and interstitial fluid
46
Q

What is the clinical correlation with HIV and AIDS: short answer

A
  • HIV (virus) attacks all T cells
  • fullblown AIDS (condition) when CD4+ count gets super low
  • this causes BOTH cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity to suffer because the IL-2 is not costimulating them

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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