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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 33 > Flashcards

Chapter 33 Flashcards

1
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A
  • the body’s third line of defense

- very specific

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2
Q

What cells are involved in adaptive immunity?

A

-lymphocytes: B cells and T cells

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3
Q

What antibody-mediated immunity? What cells?

A
  • antibodies attacking outside the cell

- B cells

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4
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

-antibody-mediated immunity

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5
Q

What kind of infections does humoral immunity attack?

A
  • attacks foreign pathogen outside of the cell
  • extracellular pathogens
  • virus, bacteria, fungi
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6
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity? What cells?

A
  • cells attacking cells

- T cells

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7
Q

What does cell-mediated immunity attack?

A
  • foreign particles inside the cell
  • intracellular pathogens
  • will eliminate infected cells
  • cancer cells and sometimes organ and tissue transplants
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8
Q

What is significant about adaptive immunity?

A

-it must be activated

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9
Q

What are the two signals for the activation of adaptive immunity?

A
  • a specific antigen

- a chemical signal: may come from injured or infected cells

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10
Q

Where are most lymphocytes found?

A
  • bone marrow
  • thymus gland
  • lymph nodes
  • the spleen
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11
Q

What is an antigen?

A
  • molecules that tell the immune system to make certain responses on the outer membrane of the cell
  • B and T cells recognize the antigen and attack specific one
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12
Q

What is the antigen that identifies “self” cells?

A

-MHC-I

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13
Q

What are antibodies?

A
  • plasma proteins of the class immunoglobulins

- made by B cells

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14
Q

What is a plasma cell?

A
  • effector B cells
  • (activated)
  • secrete antibodies
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15
Q

What are the action steps for lymphocytes?

A
  • activation (2 step)
  • clonal selection
  • elimination
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16
Q

What is the clonal selection?

A

-foreign antigens match to antigens on lymphocytes

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17
Q

What does the clonal selection cause?

A
  • proliferation (replication) of lymphocytes which creates clones: effector and memory cells
  • differentiation/specialization of lymphocytes
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18
Q

What is an effector cell?

A

-B or T cell that is actively producing an immune response

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19
Q

What is a memory cell?

A

-B or T cell that has been activated but is not producing an active response

20
Q

What do T cells need to have?

A

-must have antigens presented to them

21
Q

What is exogenous processing? Which MHC is altered?

A
  • occurs if foreign antigen is outside the body cell

- MHC-II

22
Q

Which cells present the antigen in exogenous processing?

A
  • APC:
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • B cells
23
Q

What is endogenous processing? What MHC is altered?

A
  • occurs if foreign antigens is inside the body cell

- MHC-I

24
Q

Which cells present the antigen in endogenous processing?

A

-most body cells

25
What are the specialized T cells that proliferate after activation?
- effector T cells: helper T, cytotoxic T | - memory t cells
26
What are CD8+ and CD4+?
- CD8+ = cytotoxic T cells | - CD4+ = helper T cells
27
What is the function of memory T cells?
-wait around so second response is much quicker than the first response
28
What is elimination?
-cytotoxic T cells recognize and attach target cells
29
How do cytotoxic T cells kill the cell?
- Granzymes: protein digesting enzymes | - Perforin and Granulysin: P creares a channel and G enters and causes apoptosis
30
What is slower humoral or cell-mediated? Why?
-cell-mediated it slower because T-lymphocytes are not circulating the blood stream in high numbers
31
How are B cells activated?
-when they bind to an extracellular antigen
32
How are B cells costimulated?
-by IL-2 from helper T cells
33
What is the connection between cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity?
-interleukin-2
34
What would happen if CD4 cells were wiped out, like in the case of HIV?
-the Cytotoxic T cells and B cells would not be activated
35
What do B cells differentiate into?
- plasma cells | - memory B cells
36
What is the function of Plasma cells?
-secrete huge amounts of antibodies that respond to the foreign antigen
37
What is the function of memory B cells?
-can quickly make antibodies to respond to the same antigen on another exposure
38
What is the difference in immune reaction between first exposure to the foreign antigen and second exposure to the foreign antigen? How does this relate to vaccines?
- first: takes a few days to make antibodies then returns to normal - second: memory cells respond to same antigen quickly with MANY more antibodies - vaccines: contain killed pathogens that cause a response to make antibodies to then make memory cells
39
What are antibodies?
- immunoglobulin proteins | - made of 4 chains of amino acids (2 heavy and 2 light)
40
What are the five classes of antibodies?
- IgG - IgA - IgM - IgE - IgD
41
What is the function of each class of antibodies?
- IgG: most abundant; secreted during secondary response; can pass through placenta and breast milk - IgA: found in mucous membranes, saliva, and tears - IgM: on the plasma membrane of naive B cells; secreted after initial contact with antigen - IgE: allergic response - IgD: unknown
42
How do antibodies attack pathogens?
- neutralize toxins and prevent attachment - cause bacteria to lose motility - cause pathogens to clump - initiate complement system - attract phagocytes
43
What is the complement system? Function?
- inactive enzymes that become activated and cause a series of reactions - forms membrane attack complex (MAC; pores) which causes cell to swell and burst - enhances phagocytosis and inflammation
44
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
- active: when an individuals own immune system responds to harmful agents - passive: when immunity to a disease that has developed in another individual; ex. pregnancy and serum
45
What does initiation of immune response depend on? T and B cells?
- recognition of foreign substances (antigens) - T cells must have antigen-presenting cells with MHC-II present things to them - B cells recognize antigens in lymph, blood, and interstitial fluid
46
What is the clinical correlation with HIV and AIDS: short answer
- HIV (virus) attacks all T cells - fullblown AIDS (condition) when CD4+ count gets super low - this causes BOTH cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity to suffer because the IL-2 is not costimulating them

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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