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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six processes of digestion?

A
  • ingestion
  • secretion of enzymes
  • mixing and propulsion (motility)
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination
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2
Q

What is the enteric system a division of? What does it do?

A
  • autonomic nervous system

- governs the function of the GI tract

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3
Q

What are the plexuses of the enteric system? Where are they found? What do they do?

A
  • myenteric; muscularis layer; control gastric motility and peristalsis
  • submucosal; submucosal layer; controls secretory cells
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4
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A
  • innervate smooth muscle

- gland secretion

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5
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

-allow the plexuses to communicate

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6
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

-send information to the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and both plexuses

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7
Q

What is unique about the enteric system?

A

-it can act independently of the CNS

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8
Q

What nerves the autonomic nervous system help with the enteric system?

A
  • parasympathetic nerves (CN 10, vagus: sacral spinal cord, increases gut motility
  • sympathetic nerves: thoracic and lumbar spinal cord, decreases gut motiliy
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9
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A
  • breaking down of large solid pieces into smaller pieces
  • churning the contents of the GI lumen with digestive juices
  • propels food forward and eventually eliminates
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10
Q

What are the processes of mechanical digestion?

A
  • mastication
  • deglutition
  • peristalsis and segmentation
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11
Q

What are the stages of deglutition? Voluntary or Involuntary?

A
  • oral stage (voluntary)
  • pharyngeal stage (involuntary)
  • esophageal stage (involuntary)
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12
Q

What controls the involuntary processes of deglutition?

A

-deglutition center of the medulla

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13
Q

How do we close off the three respiratory passageways during deglutition?

A
  • soft palate closes off nasopharynx
  • tongue closes oropharynx
  • epiglottis closes trachea
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14
Q

What is peristalsis? When does it happen?

A
  • a wavelike ripple that keeps food moving in one direction

- it is a reflex that occurs when the alimentary canal is stretched; contracts right behind the stretch

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15
Q

What is the end goal of peristalsis?

A

-elimination

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16
Q

What is segmentation?

A
  • mixing movement

- DOES NOT move food forward

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17
Q

What is the end goal of segmentation?

A

-to have the food further and further broken down

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18
Q

What is gastric emptying?

A

-the ability to empty the contents of the stomach into the small intestine

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19
Q

What controls gastric emptying?

A
  • endocrine: gastric inhibitory peptide

- nervous: enterogastric reflexx

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20
Q

What controls mechanical digestion in the duodenum and jejunum?

A

-cholecystokinin

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21
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

-the breakdown of food by the use of chemicals and digestive enzymes

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22
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

-a protein that accelerates chemical reactions without being part of the product

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23
Q

Why do enzymes operate at different times?

A
  • they operate at a specific pH

- each one is specific for a specific molecule

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24
Q

What is a proenzyme? Why would an enzyme need to be secreted as a proenzyme?

A
  • inactivated enzyme

- so it does not destroy the cell producing them

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25
Q

What materials resist digestion?

A
  • cellulose (fiber)
  • connective tissue from meat
  • undigested fats
  • bacteria
  • water
26
Q

What makes up saliva?

A
  • 99.5% water

- 0.5% solutes

27
Q

What are the solutes in saliva?

A
  • ions
  • bicarbonate
  • urea and uric acid
  • IgA
  • lysozyme
  • salivary amylase
  • lingual lipase
28
Q

Where are parietal cells and what do they secrete?

A
  • gastric pits of the stomach
  • hydrogen and chloride iones
  • intrinsic factor
29
Q

What is the function of HCl?

A

-activates pepsinogen to pepsin

30
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

A

-protects and transports vitamin B12

31
Q

How are chloride ions brought into the parietal cells?

A

-as bicarbonate leaves the parietal cells and enters the bloodstream, chloride ions enter

32
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

-pepsinogen

33
Q

What is pepsinogen converted into?

A
  • pepsin

- gastric lipase

34
Q

What are the three phases of gastric regulation?

A
  • cephalic
  • gastric
  • endocrine
35
Q

What stimulates the cephalic phase?

A

-smell, sight, thought, or taste of food

36
Q

What does the cephalic phase stimulate?

A

-salivary glands

37
Q

What is the role of the cephalic phase?

A

-to prepare the mouth and stomach for food

38
Q

What stimulates the gastric phase?

A
  • gastrin (hormonal)

- the stretch of the stomach triggers stretch receptors, change in pH stimulates chemoreceptors (neural)

39
Q

What does the gastric phase stimulate?

A

-the release of gastric juices

40
Q

What stimulates the intestinal phase?

A

-distention of the duodenum (neural)

41
Q

What does the intestinal phase stimulate?

A
  • sympathetic stimulation of the stomach

- increases gastric motility and decreases gastric secretion

42
Q

What is inhibited by the intestinal phase?

A
  • parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach

- stops the stomach from finishing digestion until the duodenum is ready

43
Q

What hormones regulate pancreatic secretion?

A
  • secretin

- cholecystokinin

44
Q

What is the function of secretin and what cells secrete it?

A
  • causes the pancreas to secrete high amounts of bicarbonate
  • inhibits secretion of gastric juice
  • secreted by cells of the small intestine
45
Q

What stimulates the secretion of secretin?

A

-the presence of acid in the duodenum

46
Q

What is the function of cholecystokinin and what cells secrete it?

A
  • stimulates ejection of bile
  • inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion
  • secreted by cells of the small intestine
47
Q

What is the difference between secretin and cholecystokinin?

A
  • secretin: neutralizes acids

- cholecystokinin: releases all the enzymes

48
Q

How is bile secretion regulated?

A

-cholecystokinin

49
Q

How is intestinal secretion regulated?

A

-unknown

50
Q

What is absorption? Where does it mostly occur?

A
  • the passageway of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph
  • co-transport with sodium
  • in the small intestine
51
Q

What absorbs monosaccharides? How?

A
  • epithelial cells
  • glucose and galactose are absorbed via active transport with sodium
  • fructose is absorbed via facilitated diffusion
52
Q

How are amino acids absorbed?

A

-into epithelial cells

53
Q

How are dipeptides absorbed?

A

-active transport with hydrogen ions

54
Q

How are lipids absorbed? How?

A
  • they diffuse straight across the epithelial membrane

- because of the phospholipid bilayer

55
Q

What is chylomicron? What vessel absorbs it?

A
  • the rebuilt form of a lipid with a protein coat

- lacteal

56
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins? How are they absorbed?

A
  • A, D, E, and K

- travel in micelles and are absorbed by diffusion

57
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins? How are they absorbed?

A
  • B and C

- absorbed by diffusion

58
Q

How is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A
  • combines with intrinsic factor

- receptro mediated endocytosis

59
Q

What does calcium need to be absorbed?

A

-requires vitamin D and parathyroid hormone

60
Q

How is water reabsorbed?

A
  • 9 liters are dumped into the GI tract
  • 8 liters are reabsorbed by the small intestine
  • 90% of the remaining liter is reabsorbed by the large intestine
  • occurs by osmosis through cell walls into capillaries

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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