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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six processes of digestion?

A
  • ingestion
  • secretion of enzymes
  • mixing and propulsion (motility)
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination
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2
Q

What is the enteric system a division of? What does it do?

A
  • autonomic nervous system

- governs the function of the GI tract

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3
Q

What are the plexuses of the enteric system? Where are they found? What do they do?

A
  • myenteric; muscularis layer; control gastric motility and peristalsis
  • submucosal; submucosal layer; controls secretory cells
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4
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A
  • innervate smooth muscle

- gland secretion

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5
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

-allow the plexuses to communicate

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6
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

-send information to the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and both plexuses

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7
Q

What is unique about the enteric system?

A

-it can act independently of the CNS

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8
Q

What nerves the autonomic nervous system help with the enteric system?

A
  • parasympathetic nerves (CN 10, vagus: sacral spinal cord, increases gut motility
  • sympathetic nerves: thoracic and lumbar spinal cord, decreases gut motiliy
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9
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A
  • breaking down of large solid pieces into smaller pieces
  • churning the contents of the GI lumen with digestive juices
  • propels food forward and eventually eliminates
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10
Q

What are the processes of mechanical digestion?

A
  • mastication
  • deglutition
  • peristalsis and segmentation
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11
Q

What are the stages of deglutition? Voluntary or Involuntary?

A
  • oral stage (voluntary)
  • pharyngeal stage (involuntary)
  • esophageal stage (involuntary)
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12
Q

What controls the involuntary processes of deglutition?

A

-deglutition center of the medulla

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13
Q

How do we close off the three respiratory passageways during deglutition?

A
  • soft palate closes off nasopharynx
  • tongue closes oropharynx
  • epiglottis closes trachea
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14
Q

What is peristalsis? When does it happen?

A
  • a wavelike ripple that keeps food moving in one direction

- it is a reflex that occurs when the alimentary canal is stretched; contracts right behind the stretch

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15
Q

What is the end goal of peristalsis?

A

-elimination

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16
Q

What is segmentation?

A
  • mixing movement

- DOES NOT move food forward

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17
Q

What is the end goal of segmentation?

A

-to have the food further and further broken down

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18
Q

What is gastric emptying?

A

-the ability to empty the contents of the stomach into the small intestine

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19
Q

What controls gastric emptying?

A
  • endocrine: gastric inhibitory peptide

- nervous: enterogastric reflexx

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20
Q

What controls mechanical digestion in the duodenum and jejunum?

A

-cholecystokinin

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21
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

-the breakdown of food by the use of chemicals and digestive enzymes

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22
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

-a protein that accelerates chemical reactions without being part of the product

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23
Q

Why do enzymes operate at different times?

A
  • they operate at a specific pH

- each one is specific for a specific molecule

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24
Q

What is a proenzyme? Why would an enzyme need to be secreted as a proenzyme?

A
  • inactivated enzyme

- so it does not destroy the cell producing them

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25
What materials resist digestion?
- cellulose (fiber) - connective tissue from meat - undigested fats - bacteria - water
26
What makes up saliva?
- 99.5% water | - 0.5% solutes
27
What are the solutes in saliva?
- ions - bicarbonate - urea and uric acid - IgA - lysozyme - salivary amylase - lingual lipase
28
Where are parietal cells and what do they secrete?
- gastric pits of the stomach - hydrogen and chloride iones - intrinsic factor
29
What is the function of HCl?
-activates pepsinogen to pepsin
30
What is the function of intrinsic factor?
-protects and transports vitamin B12
31
How are chloride ions brought into the parietal cells?
-as bicarbonate leaves the parietal cells and enters the bloodstream, chloride ions enter
32
What do chief cells secrete?
-pepsinogen
33
What is pepsinogen converted into?
- pepsin | - gastric lipase
34
What are the three phases of gastric regulation?
- cephalic - gastric - endocrine
35
What stimulates the cephalic phase?
-smell, sight, thought, or taste of food
36
What does the cephalic phase stimulate?
-salivary glands
37
What is the role of the cephalic phase?
-to prepare the mouth and stomach for food
38
What stimulates the gastric phase?
- gastrin (hormonal) | - the stretch of the stomach triggers stretch receptors, change in pH stimulates chemoreceptors (neural)
39
What does the gastric phase stimulate?
-the release of gastric juices
40
What stimulates the intestinal phase?
-distention of the duodenum (neural)
41
What does the intestinal phase stimulate?
- sympathetic stimulation of the stomach | - increases gastric motility and decreases gastric secretion
42
What is inhibited by the intestinal phase?
- parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach | - stops the stomach from finishing digestion until the duodenum is ready
43
What hormones regulate pancreatic secretion?
- secretin | - cholecystokinin
44
What is the function of secretin and what cells secrete it?
- causes the pancreas to secrete high amounts of bicarbonate - inhibits secretion of gastric juice - secreted by cells of the small intestine
45
What stimulates the secretion of secretin?
-the presence of acid in the duodenum
46
What is the function of cholecystokinin and what cells secrete it?
- stimulates ejection of bile - inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion - secreted by cells of the small intestine
47
What is the difference between secretin and cholecystokinin?
- secretin: neutralizes acids | - cholecystokinin: releases all the enzymes
48
How is bile secretion regulated?
-cholecystokinin
49
How is intestinal secretion regulated?
-unknown
50
What is absorption? Where does it mostly occur?
- the passageway of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph - co-transport with sodium - in the small intestine
51
What absorbs monosaccharides? How?
- epithelial cells - glucose and galactose are absorbed via active transport with sodium - fructose is absorbed via facilitated diffusion
52
How are amino acids absorbed?
-into epithelial cells
53
How are dipeptides absorbed?
-active transport with hydrogen ions
54
How are lipids absorbed? How?
- they diffuse straight across the epithelial membrane | - because of the phospholipid bilayer
55
What is chylomicron? What vessel absorbs it?
- the rebuilt form of a lipid with a protein coat | - lacteal
56
What are the fat soluble vitamins? How are they absorbed?
- A, D, E, and K | - travel in micelles and are absorbed by diffusion
57
What are the water soluble vitamins? How are they absorbed?
- B and C | - absorbed by diffusion
58
How is vitamin B12 absorbed?
- combines with intrinsic factor | - receptro mediated endocytosis
59
What does calcium need to be absorbed?
-requires vitamin D and parathyroid hormone
60
How is water reabsorbed?
- 9 liters are dumped into the GI tract - 8 liters are reabsorbed by the small intestine - 90% of the remaining liter is reabsorbed by the large intestine - occurs by osmosis through cell walls into capillaries

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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