Chapter 35 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the components of the upper system of the respiratory tract?
A
- outside the thorax
- nose
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
- larynx
2
Q
What are the components of the lower system of the respiratory tract?
A
-trachea
-bronchial tree
lungs
3
Q
What are the accessory structures to the respiratory tract?
A
- oral cavity
- ribcage
- respiratory muscles
4
Q
What are the functions of the respiratory tract?
A
- to filter, warm, and moisten air
- conduct to lungs
- gas exchange
5
Q
What is the function of the nose?
A
- warm, moisten, and filter incoming air
- detect olfactory stimuli
- modify speech vibrations
6
Q
What is the external nose? What makes it up?
A
- the protruding nose
- bone framework
- cartilaginous framework
- external nara (nostrils)
7
Q
What makes up the internal nose?
A
- palatine bones
- cribriform plate
- 3 meatuses
- 3 concha
- ducts of sinuses
- nasal vestibule (opening)
- nasal septum (division between both sides)
- nasal cavity (posterior part of the nose; behind the vestibule)
- posterior internal nares
8
Q
What is cleft palate?
A
-when the palatine bones fail to fuse properly
9
Q
What is the function of the posterior nares?
A
-to allow the air to pass from the nasal cavity to the pharynx
10
Q
What are meatuses?
A
- 3 valleys
- contain ducts that lead to sinuses
- superior, middle, inferior
11
Q
What are concha?
A
- 3 mountains
- to spin the air around so it can get warm, moist, and clean
- superior, middle, inferior
12
Q
What type of epithelium makes up the nasal mucosa? Why would the olfactory epithelium be different?
A
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
13
Q
What is the purpose of cilia in the nose?
A
-to move the mucous around
14
Q
What are paranasal sinuses? Function?
A
- sinuses around and above the nose
- lighten weight of skull
15
Q
Where do paranasal sinuses drain?
A
-drain into the nasal cavity
16
Q
What are the four types of paranasal sinuses?
A
- frontal sinuses
- maxillary sinuses
- sphenoid sinuses
- ethmoid air cells
17
Q
What are the functions of the pharynx?
A
- passageway for food and air
- resonating chamber for sound
18
Q
What are the divisions of the pharynx?
A
- nasopharynx (behind the nose)
- oropharynx (behind the mouth)
- laryngopharynx (from hyoid bone to esophagus)
19
Q
Where is the nasopharynx located?
A
-posterior nasal cavity to soft palate
20
Q
How many openings are there in the nasopharynx and what are they?
A
- 5 total
- 2 posterior nares
- 2 Eustachian tubes
- 1 opening to the oropharynx
21
Q
What tonsils are found in the nasal pharynx?
A
-pharyngeal tonsils on the posterior edge
22
Q
Can the nasopharynx do both respiration and digestion?
A
-only respiration
23
Q
Where is the oropharynx located?
A
-soft palate to inferior edge of hyoid bone
24
Q
How many openings are there in the oropharynx and what are they?
A
- 1
- fauces: only opening from the mouth
25
What tonsils are found in the oropharynx?
- palatine tonsils
| - lingual tonsils
26
Can the oropharynx do both respiration and digestion?
-both respiration and digestion
27
Where is the laryngopharynx?
-from hyoid bone to esophagus
28
Can the laryngopharynx do both respiration and digestion?
-both respiration and digestion
29
What is the order of divisions of the pharynx from superior to inferior?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngophaynx
30
Where is the larynx located?
-connects laryngopharynx with trachea
31
What is the function of the larynx?
- directs food and liquids to esophagus
| - vibration of vocal cords to produce sound
32
How many cartilages make up the larynx? What are they?
- 9 cartilages
- 1 thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
- 1 epiglottis (prevents food from entering the trachea)
- 1 cricoid (is a full circle)
- 2 arytenoid (L shaped)
- 2 cuneiform (bump at end of epiglottis)
- 2 corniculate (on top of arytenoid)
33
Which larynx cartilages are paired? Singular?
- 1 thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
- 1 epiglottis
- 1 cricoid
- 2 arytenoid
- 2 cuneiform
- 2 corniculate
34
How many folds are there?
-2 pairs
35
What are the folds?
- vestibular (ventricular) folds
| - vocal folds
36
What are the true vocal cords and what are the false vocal cords?
- true: vocal folds
| - false: vestibular folds
37
What is the rima glottidis? Location?
- space between vocal cords
| - in the narrowest part of the larynx where air moves
38
What muscles cause abduction of the vocal folds?
- posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
| - causes the rima glottidis to widen
39
What muscles cause adduction of the vocal folds?
- lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
| - causes rima glottidis to narrow
40
What actually produces sound?
-vibrations of the vocal cords
41
Where is the trachea located? Structure?
- from the larynx to 5th thoracic vertebra
- 16 to 20 C shaped cartilage rings
- posterior aspect is made of the trachealis muscle
42
What is the function of the trachea?
-passageway for air
43
What is the significance of the C shape of the trachea rings?
- because the esophagus sits behind the trachea
| - the esophagus needs to stretch into the trachea when swallowing food
44
What is the muscle that makes up the posterior aspect of the trachea?
-trachealis muscle
45
What are the four layers of the trachea from deep to superficial?
- mucosa
- submucosa
- hyaline cartilage
- adventitia
46
What is the function of the bronchi?
-continued route for air to lungs
47
What is the carina?
-the division of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchus
48
How are the bronchi cartilage rings different from the trachea?
- they are complete rings
| - not C shaped
49
What are the primary bronchi?
-the lungs
50
What are the secondary bronchi? What do they supply?
- lobes
| - supply the lobules
51
What are tertiary bronchi?
-the lobules
52
What is the order of branching for the bronchial tree?
-primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs containing alveoli
53
When do the cartilaginous rings disappear?
-the disappear as the tree divides into bronchioles
54
What is the function of the lungs?
- air distribution
| - exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
55
What is the pleural membrane? What are its layers?
- the membrane covering the heart
- parietal plural
- visceral pleura
56
What is the apex of the lung?
- the superior dome-shaped part of the lung
| - behind the middle region of the clavicle
57
What is the base of the lung?
-the portion of the lung that rests on the diaphragm
58
What is the costal surface of the lung?
-surface of the lung lying against the ribs
59
What is a lobe?
-first division of the lungs
60
How many lobes does the right lung have? Names?
- three lobes
| - superior, middle, inferior
61
How many lobes does the left lung have? Names?
- two lobes
| - superior, inferior
62
What is a fissure?
-the creases that divide the lobes
63
How many fissures does the right lung have? Names?
- 2
- oblique fissure
- horizontal fissure (separated superior and middle lobe
64
How many fissures does the left lung have? Names?
- 1
| - oblique fissure
65
What are bronchopulmonary segments?
-they are served by a separate tertiary bronchus
66
Where does gas exchange occur?
-in the alveoli
67
What is the function of alveoli?
- creates an enormous surface area
| - gas exchange
68
What is unique about alveoli that allows for gas exchange?
-each alveoli is surrounded by a capillary
69
What cells make up alveoli?
- Type I
| - Type II
70
What is the purpose of Type I cells? Location?
- contributes to respiratory membrane (really thin)
| - alveolar epithelium
71
What is the purpose of Type II cells? Location?
- found in septum of alveoli (between them)
| - secretes surfactant fluid
72
What is surfactant? Purpose?
- alveolar fluid
- decreases friction
- prevents collapse of alveoli
73
What is the function of the thorax?
- respiration
| - allows inhalation and exhalation
74
What are the divisions of the thorax?
- two pleural divisions
| - one mediastinum
75
What is the purpose of the pleural layers?
-to decrease friction for the lungs and separate them from everything else
76
What makes up the respiratory membrane of the alveoli?
- alveolar epithelium (type I)
- shared basement membrane
- capillary endothelium (1 cell thick)
