Chapter 36 Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration?

A
  • gas exchange

- 3 steps

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2
Q

What are the three different steps of respiration?

A
  • pulmonary ventilation
  • external respiration
  • internal respiration
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3
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

-bringing air in from the outside to the alveoli

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4
Q

What is external respiration?

A

-exchange of gas in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillary

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5
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

-exchange of gases in blood between systemic capillaries and tissue cells

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6
Q

What is inspiration?

A

-moving air into the lungs

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7
Q

What is expiration?

A

-moving air out of the lungs

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8
Q

What is the primary principle of ventilation?

A

-air will travel from high to low pressure

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9
Q

Explain the pressure gradient during inspiration.

A

-pressure outside is greater than the pressure inside

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10
Q

Explain the pressure gradient during expiration.

A

-pressure outside is less than the pressure inside

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11
Q

How is pressure manipulated?

A

-changing the size of the thoracic cavity by moving the diaphragm

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12
Q

What structure controls the pressure change?

A

-diaphragm

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13
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

-the volume of a gas has an inverse relationship with pressure

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14
Q

What is the position of the diaphragm during inhalation?

A

-low in the thoracic cavity

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15
Q

Is the diaphragm contracted or relaxed during inhalation? Does it increase or decrease pressure?

A
  • contracted

- decrease pressure

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16
Q

Is the diaphragm contracted or relaxed during expiration? Does it increase or decrease pressure?

A
  • relaxed

- increase pressure

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17
Q

What is the position of the diaphragm during exhalation?

A

-high near the 5th intercostal

18
Q

What is occurring normal inspiration?

A

-the diaphragm only descends 1/2 inch

19
Q

What muscles are involved with strenuous inspiration and what do they do?

A
  • external intercostals: raises the ribs and increases the volume
  • sternocleidomastoid: raises the sternum and increases the volume
  • scalene muscles: raises 1-2 ribs and increases the volume
  • pectoralis minor: raises 3-5 ribs and increases the volume
20
Q

What is occurring during normal expiration?

A

-when diaphragm is relaxing back to its normal state

21
Q

Why is expiration a passive process?

A

-because it is only relaxing

22
Q

What muscles are involved during forceful expiration and what do they do?

A
  • internal intercostals
  • abdominal muscles
  • pull the ribs back down
23
Q

What is significant about the shape of ribs?

A

-the are curved and down so when the muscles pull them up, it creases an extra pocket of space which creates an increase in volume and decrease in pressure

24
Q

What other factors contribute to ventilation?

A
  • surface tension of alveolar fluid
  • compliance of the lungs
  • airway resistance
25
Q

What is surface tension?

A
  • when the walls of the alveoli are attracted to each other because of alveolar fluid
  • surfactant combats this
  • a little surface tension allows for expiration
26
Q

What is surfactant?

A

-the fluid secreted by type II cells to keep alveoli from sticking together

27
Q

What is compliance and what influences it?

A
  • effort needed to stretch the lungs
  • high compliance: chest wall expands easily
  • low compliance: resists expansion
  • elasticity and surface tension
28
Q

What is airway resistance and what controls it?

A
  • narrowing or obstruction of airways will increase resistance
  • controlled by sympathetic nervous system on smooth muscle surrounding bronchioles
29
Q

How does airway resistance relate to asthma?

A
  • when the bronchiole airways constrict

- use an inhaler to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system (norepinephrine)

30
Q

What is tidal volume and how do you calculate it?

A

-normal inhalation and exhalation

-

31
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume and how do you calculate it?

A

-how much more air you can exhale

32
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume and how do you calculate it?

A

-how much more you can inhale in the lungs

33
Q

What is residual/reserve volume and how do you calculate it?

A
  • the amount of air that always stays in the lungs

- cannot exhale

34
Q

What is vital capacity and how do you calculate it?

A

-largest amount of air an individual can move in and out of lungs

35
Q

What is inspiratory capacity and how do you calculate it?

A

-the maximal amount of air an individual can inspire after normal expiration

36
Q

What is functional residual capacity and how do you calculate it?

A

-the amount of air left in the lungs at the end of normal expiration

37
Q

What is minute ventilation and how do you calculate it?

A
  • volume of air being ventilated per minute

- breaths per min x 500 mL

38
Q

What is alveolar perfusion?

A

-blood flow to the alveoli

39
Q

What is the purpose of ventilation?

A
  • to maintain blood gases

- oxygen and carbon dioxide

40
Q

What are the three respiratory control centers? Where are they found? What does each respiratory control center manage?

A
  • medullary rhythmicity area: in the medulla, controls respiratory rhythm
  • apneustic center: in the pons, controls length and depth of inspiration
  • pontine respiratory group: in the pneumotaxic center of the pons; helps inhibit inspiration from filling lungs too full; also helps control other two areas
41
Q

What is the role of the cerebrum in ventilation?

A
  • voluntary breathing

- when you think of it