Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

-connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste

- heat regulation (high specific heat and conductivity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What percentage of blood is fluid?

A

-55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the fluid in blood called? What is it made of?

A
  • plasma

- 90% water and 10% solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What percentage of blood is formed elements?

A

-45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a males and females average blood volume?

A
  • males: 5-6 L

- females: 4-5 L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How much blood is in a unit of blood? What percentage of blood volume is this?

A
  • 1 unit = 1 pint

- 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a hematocrit? How is it measured?

A
  • packed cell volume
  • used to describe the volume of red blood cells
  • centrifuge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the normal hematocrit level for males and females?

A
  • males: 40-54%

- females: 38-47%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is anemia?

A

-below the hematocrit value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is physiological polycythemia?

A
  • when someone has more blood cells than in a normal range

- common in people who live in higher altitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How will dehydration affect hematocrit values?

A

-loses fluid (plasma) so it looks like they have more red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the buffy coat? Location?

A
  • leukocytes and platelets after being in a centrifuge

- in between the plasma and red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is blood plasma?

A
  • the liquid part of blood
  • 90% water
  • 10% solutes: hormones, antibodies, glucose, proteins, nutrients, waste products, gases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a colloid?

A

-proteins in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

-any molecules that will ionize (dissolves into ions) in a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are nonelectrolytes?

A
  • molecules that do not ionize in a solution

- glucose, fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where proteins made?

A

-the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the difference between blood plasma and blood serum?

A
  • plasma is fluid

- serum is what is left over after blood clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

-red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the shape of an erythrocyte? Significance?

A
  • biconcave disc
  • large surface area relative to volume
  • permits hemoglobin to be close to plasma membrane for gas exchange
  • reduces cell spinning
  • can bend to pass through capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What else is unique about erythrocytes?

A
  • no nucleus
  • no ribosomes
  • no mitochondria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is hemoglobin? How many are in each rbc?

A
  • a protein that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

- 200-300 million molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

A
  • 4 polypeptide chains

- each globin group contains one heme group (4 irons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many iron atoms are bound to hemoglobin? How many oxygen molecules can bind to a single hemoglobin protein?

A
  • 4

- 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the typical amount of hemoglobin found in 100mL in men and women?

A
  • males: 14-16 grams per 100 mL

- females: 12-14 grams per 100 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why is there more hemoglobin found in males?

A

-testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does anemia relate to hemoglobin?

A

-when an adult has a hemoglobin content of less than 10 grams per 100 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are erythrocytes formed? How long does it take?

A
  • hematopoietic stem cell -> divides into myeloid stem cell -> proerythrocytes -> loses nucleus -> reticulocytes -> loses ER -> erythrocyte
  • 4 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the name for erythrocyte formation? Where does it occur in adults? Infants?

A
  • erythropoiesis
  • red bone marrow
  • infants: spleen and liver also
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is erythropoietin? What secretes it? What is its function?

A
  • glycoprotein hormone
  • kidneys
  • stimulates bone marrow to accelerate production of red blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What nutrients are needed for proper erythropoiesis?

A
  • vitamin B12
  • iron
  • amino acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

-105 to 120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What role do macrophages play in the lifespan of RBCs?

A

-macrophages will phagocytose aged, abnormal, or fragmented red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where are the macrophages that break down red blood cells located?

A

-in the lining of the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does hemoglobin break down into?

A
  • iron
  • bilirubin
  • amino acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where does iron go after the hemoglobin is broken down?

A

-transported to bone marrow to recycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What happens to bilirubin after the hemoglobin is broken down?

A
  • transported to the liver where it is transformed into bile

- it is then secretes into the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens to amino acids after the hemoglobin is broken down?

A

-recycled

41
Q

Why is it important to know blood type?

A
  • transfusions

- immune system may attack blood cells that have different antigens from their own

42
Q

How are blood types determined?

A

-the type of cell markers or antigens present on the red blood cell membrane

43
Q

What are the possibilities for blood types?

A
  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O
44
Q

What would happen if blood was exposed to antibodies against its own red blood cells?

A
  • the blood will agglutinate (clump)
  • the immune system will attack
  • can cause thrombosis, clots everywhere, breathing problems, or death
45
Q

Why is type O considered the “universal donor?”

A

-because type O has no antigens and can be given to any blood type and will not be attacked by their immune system

46
Q

Why is type AB considered the “universal recipient?”

A

-AB has both antigens and can receive blood from someone with A, B, or AB blood (also O)

47
Q

What is the Rh system?

A

-Rh positive means that Rh antigen is present on RBCs

48
Q

When are Rh antibodies usually found?

A

-after someone has been exposed to Rh positive blood when they are Rh negative

49
Q

Under what circumstances can a person develop Rh-antibodies?

A
  • when they are negative and get exposed to Rh positive blood
  • it is okay the first time, but after the first exposure they cannot have Rh positive blood
50
Q

What is a leukocyte?

A

-a cell without color

51
Q

How are leukocytes classified?

A
  • according to their staining characteristic

- according to the presence or absence of stained granules

52
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A
  • basophils (purple)
  • eosinophils (pink)
  • neutrophils (neutral color)
53
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

54
Q

How are leukocytes structurally different than erythrocytes?

A
  • they contain nuclei

- they are much larger

55
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes? What are their percentages?

  • never let me engine blow
  • 60 30 8 3 0
A
  • neutrophils- 60%
  • lymphocytes- 30%
  • monocytes- 8%
  • eosinophils- 3%
  • basophils- 0%
56
Q

Can you recognize a neutrophil on a microscope?

A

-light purple cytoplasm with dark purple nuclei

57
Q

How many lobes do the nuclei of neutrophils have?

A

-have multilobular nuclei

58
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

-can migrate out of blood vessels and enter damaged tissues

59
Q

Can you recognize eosinophils on a microscope?

A

-very pink under a microscope

60
Q

How many lobes do the nuclei of eosinophils have?

A

-two lobes

61
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

-protect against infection caused by parasitic worms

62
Q

Where are eosinophils usually found?

A
  • in respiratory or digestive tract

- places with a lot of mucous

63
Q

Can you recognize basophils on a microscope?

A

-very dark purple

64
Q

What is the shape of the nuclei of basophils?

A

-s shape nuclei

65
Q

What is the function of basophils? What chemicals are contained in their granules?

A
  • inflammatory chemical; allergic reaction
  • anticoagulant
  • histamine and heparin
66
Q

Can you recognize lymphocytes on a microscope?

A

-little cytoplasm (light purple) with a big, dark purple nucleus

67
Q

What is the shape of the nuclei of lymphocytes?

A

-super big nuclei that take over the cell

68
Q

What types of lymphocytes are there? Function?

A
  • T lymphocyte: attack viruses and bacteria
  • B lymphocyte: secretes antibodies that attack foreign body
  • Natural Killer Lymphocytes: attack tumors and cause it to explode
69
Q

Describe the characteristics of monocytes.

A

-the largest white blood cells

70
Q

Can you recognize monocytes on a microscope?

A
  • blue/gray cytoplasm

- purple nucleus

71
Q

What is the shape of the nucleus of a monocyte?

A

-kidney bean shaped

72
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

-phagocytic cells engulf large bacterial organisms and viral-infected cells

73
Q

What is a normal white blood cell count?

A

-5000 to 9000 per 1 cubic mm

74
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

-decrease in WBC numbers

75
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

-increase in WBC numbers

76
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

-the creation of leukocytes

77
Q

What cells develop from myeloid stem cells?

A
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
78
Q

What cells develop from lymphoid stem cells?

A

-lymphocytes

79
Q

What are platelets called? Function?

A
  • thrombocytes

- help keep the blood amount the same while making clots to prevent blood loss

80
Q

What is the pathway for thrombopoiesis?

A

-myeloid stem cell -> megakaryocyte -> platelets

81
Q

What is a megakaryocyte?

A
  • a huge cell
  • comes from myeloid cell
  • splinters into 2000-3000 pieces
82
Q

How long do platelets live?

A

-about 7 days

83
Q

What hormone regulates thrombopoiesis?

A

-thrombopoietin

84
Q

What is hemostasis?

A
  • the regulation of blood

- keeping blood level the same

85
Q

What are the phases of hemostasis?

A
  • vasocontriction
  • platelet plug formation
  • blood clotting (coagulation)
86
Q

What stimulates vasoconstriction? Purpose?

A
  • stimulated by physical injury
  • applies pressure
  • causes tempory closure of damaged vessel
87
Q

What chemical enhances vasoconstriction? What releases that chemical?

A
  • thromboxane A2

- released from platelets

88
Q

What is a platelet plug? What does it do?

A
  • when platelets adgere to the damaged lining og the vessel to form a platelet plug
  • stops the flow of blood into tissues
89
Q

What are the stages of coagulation?

A
  • activation
  • thrombin formation
  • fibrin clot formation
90
Q

What does fibrin do?

A

-builds up the clot

91
Q

How does the endothelium contribute to anticoagulation?

A

-when plaque builds up on the walls of the vessels

92
Q

What does blood contain that contributes to anticoagulation? What leukocyte helps with this?

A
  • plasminogen

- basophil

93
Q

How does warfarin work?

A
  • impairs the liver’s ability to use vitamin K

- slows the synthesis of prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X

94
Q

How does pradaxa work?

A

-direct thrombin inhibitor

95
Q

How does aspirin work?

A

-blocks production of thromboxane

96
Q

What factors promote clotting?

A
  • rough spot in the endothelium

- abnormally slow blood flow

97
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

-cutting up all the webs or clots

98
Q

What is plasminogen?

A
  • normally found in the blood

- turns into plasmin

99
Q

What is plasmin?

A

-breaks down fibrin

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions