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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

-connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste

- heat regulation (high specific heat and conductivity)

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3
Q

What percentage of blood is fluid?

A

-55%

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4
Q

What is the fluid in blood called? What is it made of?

A
  • plasma

- 90% water and 10% solutes

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5
Q

What percentage of blood is formed elements?

A

-45%

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6
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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7
Q

What is a males and females average blood volume?

A
  • males: 5-6 L

- females: 4-5 L

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8
Q

How much blood is in a unit of blood? What percentage of blood volume is this?

A
  • 1 unit = 1 pint

- 10%

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9
Q

What is a hematocrit? How is it measured?

A
  • packed cell volume
  • used to describe the volume of red blood cells
  • centrifuge
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10
Q

What is the normal hematocrit level for males and females?

A
  • males: 40-54%

- females: 38-47%

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11
Q

What is anemia?

A

-below the hematocrit value

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12
Q

What is physiological polycythemia?

A
  • when someone has more blood cells than in a normal range

- common in people who live in higher altitudes

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13
Q

How will dehydration affect hematocrit values?

A

-loses fluid (plasma) so it looks like they have more red blood cells

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14
Q

What is the buffy coat? Location?

A
  • leukocytes and platelets after being in a centrifuge

- in between the plasma and red blood cells

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15
Q

What is blood plasma?

A
  • the liquid part of blood
  • 90% water
  • 10% solutes: hormones, antibodies, glucose, proteins, nutrients, waste products, gases
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16
Q

What is a colloid?

A

-proteins in the blood

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17
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

-any molecules that will ionize (dissolves into ions) in a solution

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18
Q

What are nonelectrolytes?

A
  • molecules that do not ionize in a solution

- glucose, fats

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19
Q

Where proteins made?

A

-the liver

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20
Q

What is the difference between blood plasma and blood serum?

A
  • plasma is fluid

- serum is what is left over after blood clots

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21
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

-red blood cells

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22
Q

What is the shape of an erythrocyte? Significance?

A
  • biconcave disc
  • large surface area relative to volume
  • permits hemoglobin to be close to plasma membrane for gas exchange
  • reduces cell spinning
  • can bend to pass through capillaries
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23
Q

What else is unique about erythrocytes?

A
  • no nucleus
  • no ribosomes
  • no mitochondria
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24
Q

What is hemoglobin? How many are in each rbc?

A
  • a protein that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

- 200-300 million molecules

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25
What is the structure of hemoglobin?
- 4 polypeptide chains | - each globin group contains one heme group (4 irons)
26
How many iron atoms are bound to hemoglobin? How many oxygen molecules can bind to a single hemoglobin protein?
- 4 | - 4
27
What is the typical amount of hemoglobin found in 100mL in men and women?
- males: 14-16 grams per 100 mL | - females: 12-14 grams per 100 mL
28
Why is there more hemoglobin found in males?
-testosterone
29
How does anemia relate to hemoglobin?
-when an adult has a hemoglobin content of less than 10 grams per 100 mL
30
How are erythrocytes formed? How long does it take?
- hematopoietic stem cell -> divides into myeloid stem cell -> proerythrocytes -> loses nucleus -> reticulocytes -> loses ER -> erythrocyte - 4 days
31
What is the name for erythrocyte formation? Where does it occur in adults? Infants?
- erythropoiesis - red bone marrow - infants: spleen and liver also
32
What is erythropoietin? What secretes it? What is its function?
- glycoprotein hormone - kidneys - stimulates bone marrow to accelerate production of red blood cells
33
What nutrients are needed for proper erythropoiesis?
- vitamin B12 - iron - amino acids
34
What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?
-105 to 120 days
35
What role do macrophages play in the lifespan of RBCs?
-macrophages will phagocytose aged, abnormal, or fragmented red blood cells
36
Where are the macrophages that break down red blood cells located?
-in the lining of the blood vessels
37
What does hemoglobin break down into?
- iron - bilirubin - amino acids
38
Where does iron go after the hemoglobin is broken down?
-transported to bone marrow to recycle
39
What happens to bilirubin after the hemoglobin is broken down?
- transported to the liver where it is transformed into bile | - it is then secretes into the small intestine
40
What happens to amino acids after the hemoglobin is broken down?
-recycled
41
Why is it important to know blood type?
- transfusions | - immune system may attack blood cells that have different antigens from their own
42
How are blood types determined?
-the type of cell markers or antigens present on the red blood cell membrane
43
What are the possibilities for blood types?
- A - B - AB - O
44
What would happen if blood was exposed to antibodies against its own red blood cells?
- the blood will agglutinate (clump) - the immune system will attack - can cause thrombosis, clots everywhere, breathing problems, or death
45
Why is type O considered the “universal donor?”
-because type O has no antigens and can be given to any blood type and will not be attacked by their immune system
46
Why is type AB considered the “universal recipient?”
-AB has both antigens and can receive blood from someone with A, B, or AB blood (also O)
47
What is the Rh system?
-Rh positive means that Rh antigen is present on RBCs
48
When are Rh antibodies usually found?
-after someone has been exposed to Rh positive blood when they are Rh negative
49
Under what circumstances can a person develop Rh-antibodies?
- when they are negative and get exposed to Rh positive blood - it is okay the first time, but after the first exposure they cannot have Rh positive blood
50
What is a leukocyte?
-a cell without color
51
How are leukocytes classified?
- according to their staining characteristic | - according to the presence or absence of stained granules
52
What are the types of granulocytes?
- basophils (purple) - eosinophils (pink) - neutrophils (neutral color)
53
What are the types of agranulocytes?
- lymphocytes | - monocytes
54
How are leukocytes structurally different than erythrocytes?
- they contain nuclei | - they are much larger
55
What are the 5 types of leukocytes? What are their percentages? - never let me engine blow - 60 30 8 3 0
- neutrophils- 60% - lymphocytes- 30% - monocytes- 8% - eosinophils- 3% - basophils- 0%
56
Can you recognize a neutrophil on a microscope?
-light purple cytoplasm with dark purple nuclei
57
How many lobes do the nuclei of neutrophils have?
-have multilobular nuclei
58
What is the function of neutrophils?
-can migrate out of blood vessels and enter damaged tissues
59
Can you recognize eosinophils on a microscope?
-very pink under a microscope
60
How many lobes do the nuclei of eosinophils have?
-two lobes
61
What is the function of eosinophils?
-protect against infection caused by parasitic worms
62
Where are eosinophils usually found?
- in respiratory or digestive tract | - places with a lot of mucous
63
Can you recognize basophils on a microscope?
-very dark purple
64
What is the shape of the nuclei of basophils?
-s shape nuclei
65
What is the function of basophils? What chemicals are contained in their granules?
- inflammatory chemical; allergic reaction - anticoagulant - histamine and heparin
66
Can you recognize lymphocytes on a microscope?
-little cytoplasm (light purple) with a big, dark purple nucleus
67
What is the shape of the nuclei of lymphocytes?
-super big nuclei that take over the cell
68
What types of lymphocytes are there? Function?
- T lymphocyte: attack viruses and bacteria - B lymphocyte: secretes antibodies that attack foreign body - Natural Killer Lymphocytes: attack tumors and cause it to explode
69
Describe the characteristics of monocytes.
-the largest white blood cells
70
Can you recognize monocytes on a microscope?
- blue/gray cytoplasm | - purple nucleus
71
What is the shape of the nucleus of a monocyte?
-kidney bean shaped
72
What is the function of monocytes?
-phagocytic cells engulf large bacterial organisms and viral-infected cells
73
What is a normal white blood cell count?
-5000 to 9000 per 1 cubic mm
74
What is leukopenia?
-decrease in WBC numbers
75
What is leukocytosis?
-increase in WBC numbers
76
What is leukopoiesis?
-the creation of leukocytes
77
What cells develop from myeloid stem cells?
- eosinophils - basophils - neutrophils - monocytes
78
What cells develop from lymphoid stem cells?
-lymphocytes
79
What are platelets called? Function?
- thrombocytes | - help keep the blood amount the same while making clots to prevent blood loss
80
What is the pathway for thrombopoiesis?
-myeloid stem cell -> megakaryocyte -> platelets
81
What is a megakaryocyte?
- a huge cell - comes from myeloid cell - splinters into 2000-3000 pieces
82
How long do platelets live?
-about 7 days
83
What hormone regulates thrombopoiesis?
-thrombopoietin
84
What is hemostasis?
- the regulation of blood | - keeping blood level the same
85
What are the phases of hemostasis?
- vasocontriction - platelet plug formation - blood clotting (coagulation)
86
What stimulates vasoconstriction? Purpose?
- stimulated by physical injury - applies pressure - causes tempory closure of damaged vessel
87
What chemical enhances vasoconstriction? What releases that chemical?
- thromboxane A2 | - released from platelets
88
What is a platelet plug? What does it do?
- when platelets adgere to the damaged lining og the vessel to form a platelet plug - stops the flow of blood into tissues
89
What are the stages of coagulation?
- activation - thrombin formation - fibrin clot formation
90
What does fibrin do?
-builds up the clot
91
How does the endothelium contribute to anticoagulation?
-when plaque builds up on the walls of the vessels
92
What does blood contain that contributes to anticoagulation? What leukocyte helps with this?
- plasminogen | - basophil
93
How does warfarin work?
- impairs the liver's ability to use vitamin K | - slows the synthesis of prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X
94
How does pradaxa work?
-direct thrombin inhibitor
95
How does aspirin work?
-blocks production of thromboxane
96
What factors promote clotting?
- rough spot in the endothelium | - abnormally slow blood flow
97
What is fibrinolysis?
-cutting up all the webs or clots
98
What is plasminogen?
- normally found in the blood | - turns into plasmin
99
What is plasmin?
-breaks down fibrin

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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