Chapter 4 Test Review Flashcards
4 primary types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelial tissue
Produces glandular secretions
Covers exposed surfaces
Lines internal passageways
Connective tissue
Fills internal spaces
Provides structural support
Stores energy
Transport
Muscle tissue
Contracts to produce movement
Nervous tissue
Propagates electrical impulses
Carries information
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Composed of the substances surrounding the cells in a tissue
Composed of ground substance and protein fibers
Functions include providing strength, directing cells within a tissue, regulating development and holding cells in position
Ground substance
Contains ECF- proteins and carbohydrates
Protein fibers
Embedded in ground substance
Provide tensile strength
Collagen, elastic, reticular
Types of cell junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Tight junctions
Help to make spaces between cells impermeable
Desmosomes
Increase the resistance of the tissues to mechanical stress
Some materials may pass between
Gap junctions
Allow small substances to move from one cell to another
Locations of epithelia
Found on every internal and external body surface and act as a barrier btw the body and the external environment and btw the organs and fluid filled cavities
Functions of epithelia
Protection, immune defense, secretion, transport into other tissues, sensation
Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands
Characteristics of epithelia
Cellularity: closely packed cells
Polarity & attachment: 2 surfaces- apical (top), basolateral (attach to underlying connective tissue)
Avascular- lack of blood vessels
Classification of epithelia
# of cell layers Cell shape
Simple squamous epithelia
One cell layer- lining epithelium. Allows substances to pass through
Lungs and serous/mucous membranes, blood vessels
Simple cuboidal
Relatively thin, substances diffuse quickly across it.
Simple columnar
Lining epithelium- digestive tract, airways, Fallopian tubes
Stratified squamous
Protection
Covering epithelium- skin on body openings
Exocrine glands
Release their secretions to the surface of the epithelium- usually the exterior of the body
Products released by exocytosis or by shed and ruptured epithelial cells
Merocrine/Holocrine secretions
Unicellular glands
Simplest exocrine glands
Goblet cells- most common unicellular gland found in lining of digestive and respiratory tracts
Multicellular glands
Clusters of secretory cells arranged in different ways
Classified according to the structure of their ducts and the shape of their secretory cell clusters
Merocrine secretion
Excretion through salivary and sweat glands- products released by exocytosis
Holocrine secretion
Shed and ruptured epithelial cells release products (sebaceous glands)
Endocrine glands
Lack ducts and secrete their products directly into the blood.
Facilitate communication between cells in distant areas of the body
Major types of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
Specialized connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
Connects tissues and organs to one another
Cells plus large amounts of ECM: fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, immune cells
Loose tissue
Dense tissue
Reticular tissue
Adipose tissue
Specialized connective tissue
Usually contains large amounts of ECM
Cartilages
Bone
Blood
Functions of connective tissue
Connect, support and protect tissues/organs
Protect and insulate the body
Store energy
Transport substances within the body
Components of connective tissue
ECM
cells
Fibroblasts
Most common cell on tissues
Produce protein fibers and ground substance- stay close to collagen fibers
Adipocytes
Fat cells
Mast cells
Largest resident cell in connective tissue
Cause an inflammation response when activated- recruit immune cells to the tissue
Phagocytes
Cells of immune system that can invest foreign substances, microorganisms and dead and damaged cells
Cartilages
Specialized tissue
Found in joints and in between bones around a the ear, nose and respiratory passages
Tough but flexible
Bone tissue
Specialized tissue
Supports our body, protects vital organs, provides a place for attachment of muscles
Blood tissue
Specialized tissue
Erythrocytes bond and transport oxygen throughout the body
Leukocytes function in immunity
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary
Only found in the heart
Skeletal muscle
Generally voluntary
Found mostly attached to the skeleton- it’s contraction produces body movement
Smooth muscle tissue
Involuntary
Found in the walls of nearly every hollow organ as well as walls of blood vessels, the eyes, skin and ducts of certain glands
Nervous tissue
Creates and carries information for one part of the body to another
Makes up majority of brain, spinal cord and nerves
Neurons
Generate, conduct and receive info in the form of electrical impulses/action potential called nerve impulses
Neuroglia
Supporting cells- repair and supply nutrients to neurons
4 types of membranes and their location
Serous membrane
Synovial membrane
Mucous membrane
Cutaneous membrane
Serous membrane
Line the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities
Composed of the mesothelium, it’s basement membrane and loose connective tissue
Synovial membrane
Line cavities surrounding freely moveable joints
Made up of two connective tissue layers
Mucous membranes
Line all body passages as part of the walls of hollow organs that open to the outside of the body
Cutaneous membranes
Skin
Outer layer of keratinozed stratified squamous epithelium
Protect underlying tissues- hard and continuous surface
Two types of tissue repair
Regeneration
Fibrosis
Regeneration
Damaged or dead cells are replaced with cells of the same type and function is restored
Epithelial
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Wound healing
Fibrosis
Damaged cells are replaced with collagen fibers
Scar tissue is formed: tissue does not regain its ability to function normally
Skeletal muscle
Nervous tissue
