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A & P I > Chapter 4 Test Review > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

4 primary types of tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Produces glandular secretions
Covers exposed surfaces
Lines internal passageways

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3
Q

Connective tissue

A

Fills internal spaces
Provides structural support
Stores energy
Transport

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4
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contracts to produce movement

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5
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Propagates electrical impulses

Carries information

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6
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

Composed of the substances surrounding the cells in a tissue

Composed of ground substance and protein fibers

Functions include providing strength, directing cells within a tissue, regulating development and holding cells in position

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7
Q

Ground substance

A

Contains ECF- proteins and carbohydrates

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8
Q

Protein fibers

A

Embedded in ground substance

Provide tensile strength

Collagen, elastic, reticular

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9
Q

Types of cell junctions

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

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10
Q

Tight junctions

A

Help to make spaces between cells impermeable

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11
Q

Desmosomes

A

Increase the resistance of the tissues to mechanical stress

Some materials may pass between

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12
Q

Gap junctions

A

Allow small substances to move from one cell to another

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13
Q

Locations of epithelia

A

Found on every internal and external body surface and act as a barrier btw the body and the external environment and btw the organs and fluid filled cavities

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14
Q

Functions of epithelia

A

Protection, immune defense, secretion, transport into other tissues, sensation

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands

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15
Q

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Cellularity: closely packed cells

Polarity & attachment: 2 surfaces- apical (top), basolateral (attach to underlying connective tissue)

Avascular- lack of blood vessels

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16
Q

Classification of epithelia

A 
# of cell layers
Cell shape
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17
Q

Simple squamous epithelia

A

One cell layer- lining epithelium. Allows substances to pass through

Lungs and serous/mucous membranes, blood vessels

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18
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Relatively thin, substances diffuse quickly across it.

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19
Q

Simple columnar

A

Lining epithelium- digestive tract, airways, Fallopian tubes

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20
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Protection

Covering epithelium- skin on body openings

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21
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Release their secretions to the surface of the epithelium- usually the exterior of the body

Products released by exocytosis or by shed and ruptured epithelial cells

Merocrine/Holocrine secretions

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22
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Simplest exocrine glands

Goblet cells- most common unicellular gland found in lining of digestive and respiratory tracts

23
Q

Multicellular glands

A

Clusters of secretory cells arranged in different ways

Classified according to the structure of their ducts and the shape of their secretory cell clusters

24
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Excretion through salivary and sweat glands- products released by exocytosis

25
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Shed and ruptured epithelial cells release products (sebaceous glands)

26
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Lack ducts and secrete their products directly into the blood.

Facilitate communication between cells in distant areas of the body

27
Q

Major types of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper

Specialized connective tissue

28
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Connects tissues and organs to one another

Cells plus large amounts of ECM: fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, immune cells

Loose tissue
Dense tissue
Reticular tissue
Adipose tissue

29
Q

Specialized connective tissue

A

Usually contains large amounts of ECM

Cartilages
Bone
Blood

30
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Connect, support and protect tissues/organs

Protect and insulate the body

Store energy

Transport substances within the body

31
Q

Components of connective tissue

A

ECM

cells

32
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Most common cell on tissues

Produce protein fibers and ground substance- stay close to collagen fibers

33
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells

34
Q

Mast cells

A

Largest resident cell in connective tissue

Cause an inflammation response when activated- recruit immune cells to the tissue

35
Q

Phagocytes

A

Cells of immune system that can invest foreign substances, microorganisms and dead and damaged cells

36
Q

Cartilages

A

Specialized tissue

Found in joints and in between bones around a the ear, nose and respiratory passages

Tough but flexible

37
Q

Bone tissue

A

Specialized tissue

Supports our body, protects vital organs, provides a place for attachment of muscles

38
Q

Blood tissue

A

Specialized tissue

Erythrocytes bond and transport oxygen throughout the body

Leukocytes function in immunity

39
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

40
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary

Only found in the heart

41
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Generally voluntary

Found mostly attached to the skeleton- it’s contraction produces body movement

42
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Involuntary

Found in the walls of nearly every hollow organ as well as walls of blood vessels, the eyes, skin and ducts of certain glands

43
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Creates and carries information for one part of the body to another

Makes up majority of brain, spinal cord and nerves

44
Q

Neurons

A

Generate, conduct and receive info in the form of electrical impulses/action potential called nerve impulses

45
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells- repair and supply nutrients to neurons

46
Q

4 types of membranes and their location

A

Serous membrane
Synovial membrane
Mucous membrane
Cutaneous membrane

47
Q

Serous membrane

A

Line the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities

Composed of the mesothelium, it’s basement membrane and loose connective tissue

48
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Line cavities surrounding freely moveable joints

Made up of two connective tissue layers

49
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line all body passages as part of the walls of hollow organs that open to the outside of the body

50
Q

Cutaneous membranes

A

Skin

Outer layer of keratinozed stratified squamous epithelium

Protect underlying tissues- hard and continuous surface

51
Q

Two types of tissue repair

A

Regeneration

Fibrosis

52
Q

Regeneration

A

Damaged or dead cells are replaced with cells of the same type and function is restored

Epithelial
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle

Wound healing

53
Q

Fibrosis

A

Damaged cells are replaced with collagen fibers

Scar tissue is formed: tissue does not regain its ability to function normally

Skeletal muscle
Nervous tissue

A & P I (18 decks)

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