Ch 2 Test Review

Question 1

Major subatomic particles of an atom

Answer 1

Protons- positive
Neutron- neutral
Electrons- negative

Question 2

Atomic number

Answer 2

The number of protons an atom possesses

Gives the atom its identity/ physical properties

Question 3

Mass number

Answer 3

Number of protons and neutrons

Question 4

Isotopes

Answer 4

Atoms having the same atomic # but different mass #

Question 5

Which particles determine the chemical properties of an atom

Answer 5

The number of electrons in the valence shell

Question 6

Why are atoms always electrically neutral?

Answer 6

They have the same number of protons and neutrons which cancel each other out

Question 7

What are ions?

Answer 7

Atom or molecule that has lost or gained an electron

Question 8

Valence shell

Answer 8

Outermost shell, participates in bonding

Octet rule says that atoms will gain, lose or share electrons so as to have eight electrons in their valence shell, achieving stability

Question 9

Noble gases

Answer 9

Have fully satisfied valence sheds and are nonreactive

Question 10

4 most abundant elements in the human body

Answer 10

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

Question 11

3 basic types of mixtures

Answer 11

Suspensions
Colloids
Solutions

Question 12

Suspensions

Answer 12

Consists of a liquid mixed with a solid

Solids usually visible

Particles will settle out if left alone

Question 13

Colloids

Answer 13

Appear opaque but particles are small enough that they cannot be seen with the naked eye.

Particles will not settle out

Question 14

Solutions

Answer 14

Consists of a solid, liquid or gas mixer with a liquid (usually water)

Usually translucent because one substance dissolved in another

Question 15

Types of chemical bonds

Answer 15

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds (polar and non polar)

Hydrogen bonds

Question 16

Ionic bonds

Answer 16

Complete transfer of electrons between a metal and a non metal

Question 17

Covalent bonds

Answer 17

Bonds that involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

Single, double, triple bonds

Question 18

Nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 18

Involve equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for the electrons

Question 19

Polar bonds

Answer 19

Involve unequal sharing of electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a stronger pull on the electrons than the other

Form polar molecules like water

Question 20

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 20

Weak bonds based on electrical attractions between molecules

Question 21

Activation energy

Answer 21

Minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

Question 22

Endergonic reactions

Answer 22

Require an input of energy that is greater than the reactants

Require chemical, electrical or mechanical energy from another source to proceed

Products contain more energy than the reactants

Question 23

Exergonic reactions

Answer 23

Reactants have more energy than is needed

Excess energy stored in the reactants is released leaving the product with less energy than the reactants

Question 24

Enzymes

Answer 24

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

Highly specific for individual substrates

Do not alter the chemical reactions

Question 25

Organic compounds

Answer 25

Those that contain carbon bonded to hydrogen Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nuclei acids

Question 26

Inorganic compounds

Answer 26

Generally do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen ``` Water Acids Salts Bases CO2, oxygen ```

Question 27

Acid

Answer 27

Hydrogen ion donor Lower pH

Question 28

Base

Answer 28

Hydrogen ion acceptor Higher pH

Question 29

Monosaccharides

Answer 29

Single sugar molecules Monomers of carbohydrates Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 30

Disaccharides

Answer 30

Two sugar molecules Simple sugars Sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 31

Polysaccharides

Answer 31

Many sugar molecules Starch, glycogen

Question 32

Main function of carbohydrates

Answer 32

Fuel

Question 33

Lipids

Answer 33

Mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats and oils Glycerides Steroids Phospholipids and glycolipids

Question 34

Most common form of fat in the body

Answer 34

Triglycerides

Question 35

Triglycerides

Answer 35

Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Question 36

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 36

Found primarily in animal fats and mostly solid at room temp

Question 37

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 37

Lower melting point and generally liquid at room temp

Question 38

Hydrophobic

Answer 38

Water hating

Question 39

Hydrophilic

Answer 39

Water loving

Question 40

Phospholipids

Answer 40

Glycerol backbone, two fatty acids and a phosphate group Hydrophilic phosphate Head Hydrophobic fatty acid tail

Question 41

What are the monomers of proteins?

Answer 41

Amino acids

Question 42

Structure of an amino acid

Answer 42

Central Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Question 43

Primary protein structure

Answer 43

Amino acid sequence of its polypeptide- all amino acids held together by covalent bonds

Question 44

Secondary protein structure

Answer 44

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets Polypeptides folding over one or more segments on themselves

Question 45

Tertiary protein structure

Answer 45

Refers to the 3D shape that is assumes Twists, folds, coils that form around the alpha helices and beta pleated sheets Shape is stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Question 46

Quaternary protein structure

Answer 46

Many Proteins consist of more than one polypeptide chain and this is the manner in which the polypeptide chains assemble

Question 47

Nucleic acids

Answer 47

Genetic material composed of nucleotides

Question 48

Nucleotides

Answer 48

Monomers of nucleic acids found in the central core of the cell ATP is our main source of chemical energy

Question 49

Types of nucleic acids

Answer 49

DNA and RNA

Question 50

DNA

Answer 50

Contains the sugar deoxyribose Contains the nitrogenous based adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 51

RNA

Answer 51

Consists of only one single strand of nucleotides and is not confined to the nucleus. Contains the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine

Question 52

Function of ATP

Answer 52

Body’s main source of energy present in amino bonds High energy compound