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A & P I > Ch 2 Test Review > Flashcards

Ch 2 Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

Major subatomic particles of an atom

A

Protons- positive
Neutron- neutral
Electrons- negative

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2
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons an atom possesses

Gives the atom its identity/ physical properties

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3
Q

Mass number

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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4
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms having the same atomic # but different mass #

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5
Q

Which particles determine the chemical properties of an atom

A

The number of electrons in the valence shell

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6
Q

Why are atoms always electrically neutral?

A

They have the same number of protons and neutrons which cancel each other out

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7
Q

What are ions?

A

Atom or molecule that has lost or gained an electron

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8
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell, participates in bonding

Octet rule says that atoms will gain, lose or share electrons so as to have eight electrons in their valence shell, achieving stability

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9
Q

Noble gases

A

Have fully satisfied valence sheds and are nonreactive

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10
Q

4 most abundant elements in the human body

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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11
Q

3 basic types of mixtures

A

Suspensions
Colloids
Solutions

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12
Q

Suspensions

A

Consists of a liquid mixed with a solid

Solids usually visible

Particles will settle out if left alone

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13
Q

Colloids

A

Appear opaque but particles are small enough that they cannot be seen with the naked eye.

Particles will not settle out

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14
Q

Solutions

A

Consists of a solid, liquid or gas mixer with a liquid (usually water)

Usually translucent because one substance dissolved in another

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15
Q

Types of chemical bonds

A

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds (polar and non polar)

Hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Complete transfer of electrons between a metal and a non metal

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17
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Bonds that involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

Single, double, triple bonds

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18
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

Involve equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for the electrons

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19
Q

Polar bonds

A

Involve unequal sharing of electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a stronger pull on the electrons than the other

Form polar molecules like water

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20
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bonds based on electrical attractions between molecules

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21
Q

Activation energy

A

Minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

22
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Require an input of energy that is greater than the reactants

Require chemical, electrical or mechanical energy from another source to proceed

Products contain more energy than the reactants

23
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Reactants have more energy than is needed

Excess energy stored in the reactants is released leaving the product with less energy than the reactants

24
Q

Enzymes

A

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

Highly specific for individual substrates

Do not alter the chemical reactions

25
Q

Organic compounds

A

Those that contain carbon bonded to hydrogen

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nuclei acids

26
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Generally do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen

Water
Acids
Salts
Bases 
CO2, oxygen
27
Q

Acid

A

Hydrogen ion donor

Lower pH

28
Q

Base

A

Hydrogen ion acceptor

Higher pH

29
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single sugar molecules

Monomers of carbohydrates

Glucose, fructose, galactose

30
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two sugar molecules

Simple sugars

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

31
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many sugar molecules

Starch, glycogen

32
Q

Main function of carbohydrates

A

Fuel

33
Q

Lipids

A

Mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats and oils

Glycerides
Steroids
Phospholipids and glycolipids

34
Q

Most common form of fat in the body

A

Triglycerides

35
Q

Triglycerides

A

Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

36
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Found primarily in animal fats and mostly solid at room temp

37
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Lower melting point and generally liquid at room temp

38
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating

39
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

40
Q

Phospholipids

A

Glycerol backbone, two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Hydrophilic phosphate Head

Hydrophobic fatty acid tail

41
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

42
Q

Structure of an amino acid

A

Central Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

43
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Amino acid sequence of its polypeptide- all amino acids held together by covalent bonds

44
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

Polypeptides folding over one or more segments on themselves

45
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Refers to the 3D shape that is assumes

Twists, folds, coils that form around the alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

Shape is stabilized by hydrogen bonds

46
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Many Proteins consist of more than one polypeptide chain and this is the manner in which the polypeptide chains assemble

47
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Genetic material composed of nucleotides

48
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomers of nucleic acids found in the central core of the cell

ATP is our main source of chemical energy

49
Q

Types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

50
Q

DNA

A

Contains the sugar deoxyribose

Contains the nitrogenous based adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine

The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds

51
Q

RNA

A

Consists of only one single strand of nucleotides and is not confined to the nucleus.

Contains the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine

52
Q

Function of ATP

A

Body’s main source of energy present in amino bonds

High energy compound

A & P I (18 decks)

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