Chapter 15 Test Review Flashcards
Types of general senses
Touch, pain, temperature, vibration and tension on skin and internal organs
Types of special senses
Vision, hearing, smell, taste
Olfactory receptors
Smell receptors/chemoreceptors
Location of olfactory receptors
Roof of nasal cavity
What are odorants
Volatile substances give off odor molecules that can be picked up by olfactory receptors
Location and components of olfactory epithelium
Roof of nasal cavity
Composed of nasal cells, supporting cells and olfactory receptors
What kind of neurons are olfactory neurons
Modified bipolar neurons
What is olfactory cilia
Hairlike receptors that respond to chemical stimuli
Do olfactory pathways synapse in the thalamus?
NO
Only sensory pathway that does NOT synapse in the thalamus
Location of olfactory cortex
Temporal lobe
Location and types of lingual papillae
Located on the tongue
Fungiform, circumvallate, filliform
Location of tastebuds
Located IN lingual papillae
Gustatory receptors
Taste receptors
Taste buds
What stimulates gustatory receptors
Nerve impulses when in contact with salty, sweet, bitter, sour and umami flavors
What are gustatory microvilli
Projections from the taste pores
Five classes of taste sensations
Salty Sweet Sour Bitter Umami
What kind of neuron is the first order neuron in the gustatory pathway
Unipolar sensory neurons
Do gustatory pathways synapse in the thalamus?
Yes
Location of gustatory cortex
Insula
Accessory structures of the eye
Eyebrows Eyelashes Eyelids (palpebrae) Conjunctiva Lacrimal apparatus Extrinsic eye muscles
Location of conjunctiva
Thin transparent membrane covering the visible part of the sclera (whites)
Components and function of lacrimal apparatus
Lacrimal gland Lacrimal sac Excretory ducts Lacrimal punctum Lacrimal canal
Produces, distributes and removes tears
Function and type of eye muscles
Superior and inferior rectus, lateral and medial rectus, superior and inferior oblique
Move eyes up and down, back and forth and around
Lens
Focuses light rays for near and far vision
Anterior cavity of eye
Smaller, contains aqueous humor
Bathes and nourishes the lens
Posterior cavity of the eye
Larger, contains vitreous humor
Helps keep the retina in place and for the eye to keep its spherical shape
Types of tunics forming the wall of the eye
Fibrous
Vascular
Sensory
Components of the fibrous tunic
Sclera and cornea
Components of vascular tunic
Choroid, ciliary body, iris
Components of sensory tunic
Retina
Cells of the retina
Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
Function of cones
Color vision (day)
Function of rods
Black and white vision (night)
How is the optic nerve formed
Retinal ganglion, cell axons and glial cells beginning at the optic disc
Definition of macula lutea
Spot at the center of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision
Fovea centralis
Small central pit in the macula lutea composed of closely packed cones
Optic disc/blind spot
Point of exit for ganglion cell axons which create the optic nerve
No cones or rods make this a blind spot
Steps of visual pathway
- light enters cornea
- refracted through the aqueous humor and then the lens
- through vitreous humor onto the retina
- action potentials generates to bipolar cells and ganglion cells then axons of ganglion cells and into optic nerve
Function of the optic chiasm
X-shaped space that serves to produce three dimensional vision
Location of the visual cortex
Occipital lobe
Components of the external ear
Auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane
Function of the tympanic membrane
Separates the outer and middle ear and receives sound vibrations from outer air and transmits then to auditory ossicles
Function of ossicles
Transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear cochlea
Order of joining ossicles
The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane
Incus attaches between the malleus and the stapes
Stapes attaches to the oval (vestibular) window
Function of auditory/Eustachian tube
Regulates air pressure and drains accumulated secretions/debris
Fluids in bony labyrinth
Perilymph
Fluids in membranous labyrinth
Endolymph
How many semi circular canals
3
Vestibule
Mass at center of semicircular canals
Vestibular complex
Location of receptors for balance and equilibrium
Spiral organ/organ of corti in cochlea
Location of hearing/auditory receptors
Sequence of events involved in hearing
- sound waves arrive at tympanic membrane
- vibrations move the auditory ossicles, movement of stapes at oval window establishes pressure waves
- waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window
- vibration of basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells
- information about intensity and region of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochleae nerve
Fungiform papillae
Numerous but only 5 taste buds in each
Circumvallate papillae
Fewest in number but each contains about 100 taste buds
Filiform papillae
Most numerous but do not contain any tastebuds
