Chapter 4

Question 1

Name the three ways cells respond to environmental changes or injury.

Answer 1

Withstand the assault (reversible), Adaptation (reversible), Cell death (irreversible)

Question 2

Which cellular change is irreversible?

Answer 2

Cell death

Question 3

Name the five etiologies of cellular injury.

Answer 3

Ischemia/Hypoxia, Nutritional injury, Infectious/Immunologic injury, Chemical injury, Physical/Mechanical injury

Question 4

Name the two types of Reversible Cell Injury.

Answer 4

Cellular swelling, Intracellular accumulations

Question 5

What is another name for Cellular Swelling?

Answer 5

Hydropic swelling

Question 6

What is the first manifestation of Hydropic Swelling?

Answer 6

Malfunction of the sodium-potassium pump

Question 7

What does Cellular Swelling result from? How is this related to ATP?

Answer 7

Loss of ATP impairs ion pumps, causing sodium accumulation and water influx

Question 8

How are cells that become swollen characterized?

Answer 8

Large, pale cytoplasm; dilated ER; swollen mitochondria

Question 9

What term indicates an increase in size and weight of an organ due to swelling?

Answer 9

Megaly

Question 10

What are Intracellular Accumulations?

Answer 10

Excess substances in cells causing injury

Question 11

Why do Intracellular Accumulations lead to cellular injury?

Answer 11

Due to toxicity, immune response, or space occupation

Question 12

How are cells with Intracellular Accumulations characterized?

Answer 12

Normal substances in excess, abnormal substances, or indigestible pigments

Question 13

Which organ is a common site of Intracellular Accumulations and why?

Answer 13

Liver, due to lipid accumulation

Question 14

What are the roles of Chaperone Proteins and Ubiquitin?

Answer 14

Protein refolding and degradation of damaged proteins

Question 15

Name the five common cellular adaptive responses.

Answer 15

Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia

Question 16

Describe Atrophy and its general causes.

Answer 16

Shrinkage of cells due to disuse, denervation, ischemia, starvation, aging

Question 17

Describe Hypertrophy. What is this response to?

Answer 17

Increased cell mass from functional demand (e.g., cardiac hypertrophy)

Question 18

Describe Hyperplasia. What is this usually a response to?

Answer 18

Increased cell number due to hormonal stimulation or injury

Question 19

Other causes of Hyperplasia?

Answer 19

Persistent cell injury, chronic epithelial irritation

Question 20

Describe Metaplasia. What is the common cause of it?

Answer 20

Replacement of one cell type with another due to persistent injury

Question 21

Is Metaplasia fully or partially reversible?

Answer 21

Fully reversible if stimulus removed

Question 22

Describe Dysplasia.

Answer 22

Disorganized cell growth with abnormal size, shape, and arrangement; may become cancerous

Question 23

What are systemic indicators of cell death?

Answer 23

Pain, fever, increased WBC, malaise, loss of function, elevated enzymes

Question 24

What are the two processes contributing to cell death?

Answer 24

Necrosis and Apoptosis

Question 25

What is Necrosis a consequence of?

Answer 25

Ischemia or toxic injury

Question 26

How is Necrosis characterized?

Answer 26

Cell rupture, content spill, inflammation

Question 27

Name the four types of tissue Necrosis.

Answer 27

Coagulative, Liquefactive, Fat, Caseous

Question 28

What is Gangrene? Name the three types.

Answer 28

Large tissue necrosis: Dry, Wet, Gas gangrene

Question 29

What is Apoptosis? What are the two ways it can be triggered?

Answer 29

Programmed cell death triggered via Extrinsic (death receptor) or Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathways

Question 30

Describe the Extrinsic pathway of Apoptosis.

Answer 30

External signals (e.g., Fas ligand) activate death receptors

Question 31

Describe the Intrinsic pathway of Apoptosis.

Answer 31

DNA damage activates p53 → mitochondrial signal cascade

Question 32

What two factors cumulatively result in aging?

Answer 32

Reduced proliferative/reparative capacity and environmental exposure

Question 33

What are responsible mechanisms of aging?

Answer 33

DNA damage, reduced stem cell function, metabolic waste accumulation

Question 34

Define Somatic Death.

Answer 34

Death of entire organism with no immune response

Question 35

What are the criteria for determining brain death as proof of somatic death?

Answer 35

Cessation of respiration and heartbeat, rigor mortis, postmortem autolysis