ch 16

Question 1

What determines systemic blood pressure?

Answer 1

Cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR).

Question 2

Pressure differences between left and right heart produce?

Answer 2

Systemic blood flow.

Question 3

Arterial blood pressure is produced by?

Answer 3

Left ventricular contraction overcoming aortic resistance.

Question 4

Describe cardiac output (CO).

Answer 4

Stroke volume (SV) × heart rate (HR).

Question 5

Systemic vascular resistance is determined by?

Answer 5

Artery radius and vessel compliance.

Question 6

What is end-diastolic volume?

Answer 6

Preload; amount of blood returned to the heart.

Question 7

What is preload?

Answer 7

End-diastolic volume.

Question 8

What is afterload?

Answer 8

Resistance heart must overcome to eject blood.

Question 9

Describe systolic blood pressure.

Answer 9

Peak pressure during heart contraction.

Question 10

Describe diastolic blood pressure.

Answer 10

Lowest pressure during heart relaxation.

Question 11

Primary factor for systolic pressure?

Answer 11

Stroke volume.

Question 12

Major determinant of diastolic pressure?

Answer 12

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR).

Question 13

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 13

Systolic minus diastolic pressure.

Question 14

Circadian rhythm regulates?

Answer 14

Daily variations in BP.

Question 15

Normal BP fluctuations?

Answer 15

Highest in morning, lowest at night.

Question 16

Influences on blood pressure?

Answer 16

Neural, hormonal, lifestyle factors.

Question 17

Short-term BP changes mediated by?

Answer 17

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

Question 18

What is released in SNS activation?

Answer 18

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 19

PNS activation effect?

Answer 19

Slows the heart rate.

Question 20

Vasomotor center activated directly by?

Answer 20

Various stimuli.

Question 21

Vasomotor center activated indirectly by?

Answer 21

Baroreceptors sensing pressure changes.

Question 22

Receptors activated in BP regulation?

Answer 22

Alpha-1 (vasoconstriction), Beta-1 (heart rate).

Question 23

Location of chemoreceptors?

Answer 23

Carotid and aortic bodies.

Question 24

Chemoreceptors stimulate?

Answer 24

Medullary vasomotor center.

Question 25

When are chemoreceptors activated?

Answer 25

When BP is extremely low.

Question 26

Long-term BP regulation involves?

Answer 26

Neural, hormonal, renal mechanisms.

Question 27

Increase in extracellular fluid leads to?

Answer 27

Increased CO and SVR, raising BP.

Question 28

Kidneys respond to excess fluid by?

Answer 28

Excreting sodium and water.

Question 29

Increase in serum sodium leads to?

Answer 29

Increased ADH secretion.

Question 30

ADH effect on kidneys?

Answer 30

Promotes water reabsorption.

Question 31

What is RAAS?

Answer 31

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Question 32

What activates angiotensin II?

Answer 32

ACE enzyme.

Question 33

Effects of angiotensin II?

Answer 33

Raises SVR and BP.

Question 34

Function of atrial natriuretic peptides?

Answer 34

Promote sodium and water excretion.

Question 35

Role of Endothelin-1?

Answer 35

Helps control blood pressure.

Question 36

Hypertension increases risk of?

Answer 36

Heart disease, kidney disease, stroke.

Question 37

Hypertension global death rate?

Answer 37

7.6 million annually.

Question 38

Normal BP range?

Answer 38

<120/80 mmHg.

Question 39

Elevated BP?

Answer 39

120-129 systolic, <80 diastolic.

Question 40

Stage 1 hypertension?

Answer 40

130-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic.

Question 41

Stage 2 hypertension?

Answer 41

≥140 systolic or ≥90 diastolic.

Question 42

Hypertensive crisis?

Answer 42

≥180 systolic or ≥120 diastolic.

Question 43

Primary hypertension description?

Answer 43

Idiopathic and most common.

Question 44

Subtypes of primary hypertension?

Answer 44

Systolic, diastolic, or combined.

Question 45

Nonmodifiable risk factors?

Answer 45

Family history, age, ethnicity.

Question 46

Modifiable risk factors?

Answer 46

Diet, inactivity, obesity, smoking.

Question 47

Primary hypertension outcomes?

Answer 47

Organ damage, heart failure, stroke.

Question 48

Primary hypertension treatment?

Answer 48

Lifestyle changes, medications.

Question 49

Secondary hypertension common in?

Answer 49

Infants and preschool children.

Question 50

Secondary hypertension causes?

Answer 50

Renal disease, aortic coarctation.

Question 51

Adult secondary hypertension linked to?

Answer 51

Renal artery stenosis, pregnancy.

Question 52

Hypertensive emergency?

Answer 52

Severe BP rise with organ damage.

Question 53

Emergency treatment?

Answer 53

IV antihypertensives in ICU.

Question 54

Hypertensive urgency?

Answer 54

Severe BP rise without organ damage.

Question 55

Urgency treatment?

Answer 55

Oral meds over 24-48 hours.

Question 56

Orthostatic hypotension definition?

Answer 56

BP drop when moving upright.

Question 57

BP drop in orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 57

>20 systolic or >10 diastolic.

Question 58

Heart rate in orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 58

Increase by 20-30 bpm.

Question 59

Symptoms of orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 59

Dizziness, blurred vision, syncope.

Question 60

Associated risks?

Answer 60

Stroke, cognitive decline, death.

Question 61

Causes of orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 61

Drug side effects, volume loss.

Question 62

Treatment for orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 62

Slow changes, fluids, compression stockings.