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Patho 1 > Ch 13 > Flashcards

Ch 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Total blood volume in men and women?

A

Men: 75.5 mL/kg, Women: 66.5 mL/kg.

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2
Q

What percent of body weight is blood? Liters?

A

7-8%, 5-6 liters.

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3
Q

Blood cells and plasma % of blood volume?

A

Blood cells: 45%, Plasma: 55%.

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4
Q

Organic and inorganic components of blood?

A

Water, proteins, electrolytes, iron.

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5
Q

Cellular components of blood?

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets.

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6
Q

RBCs are also known as?

A

Erythrocytes.

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7
Q

Most abundant blood cell?

A

RBCs.

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8
Q

How long do RBCs circulate?

A

120 days.

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9
Q

Functions of RBCs?

A

Transport oxygen, remove CO2, buffer pH.

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10
Q

Main functional constituent of RBCs?

A

Hemoglobin, contains iron.

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11
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

RBC production from stem cells.

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12
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Bone marrow.

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13
Q

Two-stage process of hematopoiesis?

A

Proliferation and maturation.

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14
Q

Purpose of erythropoietin?

A

Stimulate RBC production.

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15
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

RBC formation needing iron, protein, vitamins.

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16
Q

Deficiency in folate/B12 results in?

A

Impaired DNA synthesis.

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17
Q

Kidneys secrete erythropoietin in response to?

A

Low hemoglobin levels.

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18
Q

What happens in red cell destruction?

A

Hemoglobin broken, bilirubin excreted.

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19
Q

Role of bilirubin?

A

Excreted waste from heme breakdown.

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20
Q

What happens to globin?

A

Broken down to amino acids.

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21
Q

Oxygen transport process?

A

Oxygen binds hemoglobin in lungs, releases in tissues.

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22
Q

Where does oxygen bind hemoglobin?

A

Pulmonary capillaries (high PO2).

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23
Q

Where is oxygen released from hemoglobin?

A

Tissue capillaries (low PO2).

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24
Q

Oxygen saturation meaning?

A

Percent of hemoglobin bound with oxygen.

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25
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve describes?
PO2 vs. hemoglobin saturation.
26
Hemoglobin affinity affected by?
Temp, pH, 2,3-DPG, CO2.
27
Describe CO2 transport.
Bicarbonate, dissolved gas, carbaminohemoglobin.
28
What is carbaminohemoglobin?
CO2 bound to hemoglobin.
29
Partial pressure of CO2 reflects?
CO2 pressure in blood.
30
Role of carbonic anhydrase?
Converts CO2 to bicarbonate and H+.
31
RBCs and hemoglobin help acid-base balance how?
Buffer blood pH via CO2 transport.
32
What is anemia?
Low RBC count or function.
33
What is relative anemia?
Normal RBC mass, plasma volume issue.
34
What is absolute anemia?
Actual decrease in RBC number.
35
What is polycythemia?
Excess RBCs, thickened blood.
36
General effects of anemia?
Hypoxia, fatigue, increased HR.
37
Mild anemia symptoms?
Usually none, or subtle.
38
Mild to moderate anemia?
Fatigue, weakness, tachycardia.
39
Moderate to severe anemia?
Hypotension, pallor, dyspnea.
40
Most common nutritional deficiency?
Iron deficiency.
41
Aplastic anemia characterized by?
Low RBC, WBC, platelets (pancytopenia).
42
Causes of aplastic anemia?
Toxins, radiation, immune damage.
43
Aplastic anemia onset?
Insidious, late symptoms appear.
44
Aplastic anemia diagnosis?
Bone marrow biopsy.
45
Aplastic anemia affects which ages?
Young (15-25) & old (>60).
46
Aplastic anemia treatment?
Bone marrow transplant, immunosuppressants.
47
Aplastic anemia prognosis?
Fatal without transplant.
48
Anemia of chronic renal failure?
Low erythropoietin production.
49
Cause of renal anemia?
Kidney failure.
50
Renal anemia treatment?
Dialysis, erythropoietin, iron, folate.
51
Renal anemia prognosis?
95% respond to treatment.
52
B12/folate deficiency anemia?
Impaired DNA synthesis, megaloblasts.
53
Causes of B12/folate deficiency?
Lack of intrinsic factor, diet, alcoholism.
54
B12/folate anemia treatment?
B12 or folate supplementation.
55
Prognosis of B12/folate anemia?
Good, slow nerve recovery.
56
Iron deficiency anemia?
Insufficient iron for hemoglobin.
57
Causes of iron deficiency?
Diet, blood loss.
58
Iron deficiency symptoms?
Pica, spoon nails, fatigue.
59
Iron deficiency treatment?
Iron supplements, treat cause.
60
Iron deficiency prognosis?
Excellent with treatment.
61
Thalassemia characterized by?
Low globin chain synthesis.
62
Polypeptide chains in thalassemia?
Alpha, beta.
63
Severe form of thalassemia?
Thalassemia major.
64
Thalassemia treatment?
Transfusions, bone marrow transplant.
65
Thalassemia prognosis?
Depends on type.
66
Sickle cell anemia?
Abnormal hemoglobin, sickled cells.
67
Sickle cells cause?
Vascular occlusion, pain crises.
68
Sickle cell treatment?
Stem cell transplant.
69
Sickle cell prognosis?
Fatal without transplant.
70
G6PD deficiency cause?
RBC membrane destruction.
71
G6PD treatment?
Avoid triggers, manage infections.
72
G6PD prognosis?
Good with care.
73
Polycythemia vera?
Bone marrow overproduces RBCs.
74
Polycythemia vera signs?
Increased blood viscosity, hypertension.
75
Polycythemia vera treatment?
Phlebotomy, chemo.
76
Polycythemia vera prognosis?
Poor if untreated.
77
Secondary polycythemia cause?
Chronic hypoxia.
78
Secondary polycythemia treatment?
Treat hypoxia, phlebotomy.
79
Secondary polycythemia prognosis?
Depends on cause.
80
Relative polycythemia cause?
Dehydration or stress.
81
Two groups of relative polycythemia?
Fluid imbalance, stress.
82
Elevated in relative polycythemia?
Hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC count.
83
Relative polycythemia treatment?
Hydration, manage condition.
84
Relative polycythemia prognosis?
Excellent with care.

Patho 1 (21 decks)

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