ch 21

Question 1

How is the respiratory system divided?

Answer 1

Upper airway and lower airway.

Question 2

Components of upper airway?

Answer 2

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.

Question 3

Components of lower airway?

Answer 3

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

Question 4

Nasal cavity functions?

Answer 4

Filters, warms, humidifies air.

Question 5

Function of cilia?

Answer 5

Sweep particles to be swallowed or expelled.

Question 6

What are vibrissae?

Answer 6

Nasal hairs filtering large particles.

Question 7

Trachea and bronchi lining?

Answer 7

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.

Question 8

Goblet cells produce?

Answer 8

Mucus.

Question 9

What impairs cilia?

Answer 9

Smoking, cold, low humidity, gases.

Question 10

Conducting airway components?

Answer 10

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.

Question 11

Is there gas exchange in conducting airways?

Answer 11

No.

Question 12

Gas passage sequence?

Answer 12

Alveoli for exchange.

Question 13

Gas exchange location?

Answer 13

Alveoli.

Question 14

Cough receptors location?

Answer 14

Carina.

Question 15

Bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 15

Divisions of lungs for airflow.

Question 16

ANS role in lower airway?

Answer 16

Controls airway muscle tone.

Question 17

Parasympathetic receptors?

Answer 17

Acetylcholine receptors.

Question 18

Parasympathetic nerve?

Answer 18

Vagus nerve.

Question 19

Parasympathetic effect?

Answer 19

Airway constriction.

Question 20

Sympathetic receptors?

Answer 20

Beta-2 adrenergic receptors.

Question 21

Sympathetic effect?

Answer 21

Airway relaxation.

Question 22

Pulmonary circulation sources?

Answer 22

Bronchial and pulmonary arteries.

Question 23

Pulmonary arteries carry?

Answer 23

Deoxygenated blood.

Question 24

Pulmonary venous blood is?

Answer 24

Oxygenated.

Question 25

Ventilation definition?

Answer 25

Air movement in and out of lungs.

Question 26

Anatomic dead space?

Answer 26

Airways with no gas exchange.

Question 27

Alveolar dead space?

Answer 27

Ventilated but unperfused alveoli.

Question 28

Physiologic dead space?

Answer 28

Anatomic + alveolar dead space.

Question 29

Inspiration mechanics?

Answer 29

Muscle contraction creates negative pressure.

Question 30

Function of surfactant?

Answer 30

Reduces surface tension in alveoli.

Question 31

Expiration mechanics?

Answer 31

Passive lung recoil expels air.

Question 32

Remaining air after expiration?

Answer 32

Residual volume.

Question 33

Factors affecting breathing?

Answer 33

Resistance, compliance, ventilation distribution.

Question 34

Airway resistance formula?

Answer 34

Pressure difference ÷ flow rate.

Question 35

Resistance influenced by?

Answer 35

Airway radius, mucus, bronchospasm.

Question 36

Highest airway resistance?

Answer 36

Nose due to turbulence.

Question 37

Lowest airway resistance?

Answer 37

Small bronchioles.

Question 38

Lung compliance definition?

Answer 38

Ease of lung inflation.

Question 39

Compliance formula?

Answer 39

Change in volume ÷ change in pressure.

Question 40

Increased compliance in?

Answer 40

Infants and young children.

Question 41

Decreased compliance in?

Answer 41

Elderly (rigid chest wall).

Question 42

Diseases reducing compliance?

Answer 42

Fibrosis, hydrothorax.

Question 43

Ventilation distribution affected by?

Answer 43

Body position.

Question 44

Alveoli larger where?

Answer 44

Lung apex.

Question 45

Ventilation increased where?

Answer 45

Lung base.

Question 46

Best ventilation in supine?

Answer 46

Dependent lung parts.

Question 47

Respiratory center location?

Answer 47

Pons and medulla.

Question 48

Neural pathway to diaphragm?

Answer 48

Phrenic nerve.

Question 49

Inspiratory muscle stimulation?

Answer 49

Medullary dorsal neurons.

Question 50

Inspiration ends with?

Answer 50

Neural signal stop.

Question 51

Pneumotaxic center location?

Answer 51

Upper pons.

Question 52

Pneumotaxic center function?

Answer 52

Ends inspiration.

Question 53

Apneustic center location?

Answer 53

Lower pons.

Question 54

Apneustic center function?

Answer 54

Promotes inspiration.

Question 55

Central chemoreceptors location?

Answer 55

Medulla.

Question 56

Central chemoreceptors respond to?

Answer 56

CO2 and pH changes.

Question 57

Peripheral chemoreceptors location?

Answer 57

Aortic arch, carotid bodies.

Question 58

Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

Answer 58

Low O2 levels.

Question 59

Baroreceptors location?

Answer 59

Aortic arch, carotid arteries.

Question 60

Baroreceptors respond to?

Answer 60

Blood pressure changes.

Question 61

Hypoventilation description?

Answer 61

Low air delivery to alveoli.

Question 62

Hypoventilation results in?

Answer 62

High CO2, low O2 (hypoxemia).

Question 63

Hypoventilation causes?

Answer 63

Drugs, obesity, neuromuscular disease.

Question 64

Hyperventilation description?

Answer 64

Excess air to alveoli.

Question 65

Hyperventilation causes?

Answer 65

Anxiety, pain, high altitude.

Question 66

Low PaCO2 leads to?

Answer 66

Increased oxygen binding to hemoglobin.