ch 19 Flashcards
What is heart failure?
Inability of heart to meet body’s needs.
Most common causes of heart failure?
Myocardial ischemia, hypertension, cardiomyopathy.
Common symptoms of heart failure?
Dyspnea, crackles, cardiomegaly, edema, tachycardia.
Heart failure classifications?
Right-sided, left-sided, biventricular.
Classification based on?
Contractility and ejection ability.
Systolic dysfunction etiology?
Myocardial infarction.
Systolic dysfunction description?
Reduced contractility, low EF.
Causes of impaired contractility?
Loss of muscle, beta-receptor loss, low ATP.
Low ejection fraction level?
<35%.
Diastolic dysfunction description?
Impaired relaxation, poor filling.
Main causes of diastolic dysfunction?
CAD, hypertension.
Who is prone to diastolic dysfunction?
Elderly, women, no MI history.
What is remodeling in HF?
Heart structure changes from chronic stress.
Compensatory mechanisms in HF?
SNS activation, preload increase, hypertrophy.
Baroreceptors detect?
Pressure drops.
SNS activation causes?
Vasoconstriction, increased HR.
RAAS activation leads to?
Fluid retention, increased preload.
Frank-Starling mechanism?
More preload improves contraction.
Remodeling effects?
Myocyte loss, fibrosis, hypertrophy.
Meds reducing HF mortality?
ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers.
Left-sided HF forward failure?
Reduced CO.
Left-sided HF backward failure?
Pulmonary congestion.
Right-sided HF forward failure?
Reduced CO.
Right-sided HF backward failure?
Systemic congestion.
