Chapter 39: 3D and 4D Imaging in Obstetrics and Gynecology Flashcards
1
Q
imaging technology involving the automatic or manual acquisition and display of a series of 2D images
A
3D ultrasound
2
Q
collection of acquired 2D images
A
3D volume or volume data set
3
Q
continuously updated display of volume information; also known as real-time 3D ultrasound and live 3D ultrasound
A
4D imaging
4
Q
The acquisition plane of the multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) display, synonymous to the X plane
A
A plane
5
Q
The place for the acquired data set, usually the A plane MPR
A
Acquisition plane
6
Q
The MPR placed 90 degrees to the acquisition plane; synonymous to the Y plane; shows the volume acquisition angle
A
B plane
7
Q
Coronal plane 90 degrees to the A plane and transmit beam; 2D imaging does not allow imaging on this reconstituted plane; synonymous to the Z plane
A
C plane
8
Q
reduction of elimination of weak, soft-tissue echoes to highlight bony structure
A
maximum mode
9
Q
method to remove echoes from fluid-filled structures rendering them black on the MPR
A
minimum mode
10
Q
display algorithm for viewing more than one plane simultaneously, frequently, sagittal, transverse, and coronal planes that are 90 degrees to each other, also known as sectional planes or orthogonal planes
A
multiplanar reconstruction (MPR)
11
Q
planes that are always at right angles ( 90 degrees to each other); typically sagittal, transverse, and coronal
A
orthogonal planes
12
Q
The median cleft between the nose and upper lip
A
philtrym
13
Q
the smallest unit of a 2D image; has a length and height
A
pixel
14
Q
point where all three orthogonal planes intersect within the volume; depicts the same anatomic point in three orthogonal planes; also called the marker dot
A
reference dot
15
Q
Area of data acquisition for the 3D/4D volume
A
Region of Interest
16
Q
Relating to distance or position
A
spatial
17
Q
technique used to acquire and display a volume data set of the fetal heart; the volume displays as a 4D cine sequence of the beating heart
A
spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC)
18
Q
3D rendering mode that displays the surface of skin of the body without displaying the underlying anatomy
A
surface rendering
19
Q
The distance the transducer moves during acquisition
A
sweep
20
Q
relating to time
A
temporal
21
Q
filter used to elimnate or add low-level echoes
A
threshold
22
Q
display format in which the data are viewed as a series of parallel tomographic images similiar to the display method; traditionally used in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
A
tomographic ultrasound imaging
23
Q
Determines whether the voxels will be more or less see-through
A
transparency
24
Q
defines information contained within the volume rendering
A
volume of interest or render box
25
term used to describe both 3D and 4D imaging
volume ultrasoundsmallest u
26
nit of a 3D volume containing a volume of pixels. Consisting of a length, width, and depth
voxel
27
rotates the MPR or volume rendering horizontally, similar to the letter "x" flipping over top to bottom repeatedly
x-axis
28
Rotates the MPR or volume rendering vertically. Similar to the letter "y" spinning right to left in a circular pattern on its stem
Y-axis
29
Rocks or rotates the MPR or volume rendering clockwise or counterclockwise; rotates around a central point
z-axis
30
Clinical applications of 3D/4D in Gynecology
congenital uterine anomalies
IUD location
endometrial lesions
determining fibroid location and number
origin of adnexal masses
saline infused hysterosalpingography
infertility evaluation
evaluation of the pelvic floor
31
moves the image or volume horizontally around the reference dot
x-axis
32
moves the image or volume vertically around the reference dot
y-axis
33
rotates clockwise and counterclockwise
z-axis
34
Clinical applications of 3D/4D in Obstetrics
crown-rump volumes
first trimester structural anomalies
facial and ear malformations
nasal bone
CNS anomalies
cranial sutures
spine
extremities
fetal heart
chromosomal abnormalities and syndromes
fetal movement and behavior
placental and uterine vascularization
35
Artifacts caused by fetal movement
broken or bent bones in extremities
facial clefting due to cranial to caudal movement
facial widening due to right or left movement
thick or absent heart structures
abnormal spine alignment
failure of posterior final fusion due to vertical movement
36
term used to describe both 3D and 4D imaging
volume ultrasound
37
smallest unit of a 2D image
pixel
38
smallest unit of a 3D image
voxel
39
_______ volume acquisition techniques all use of the conventional 2D transducers
freehand
40
Motor contained within transducer housing provides an automated sweep; transducer remains stationary over area of interest; motor either performs a single sweep for 3D volume or continuously sweeps back and forth to acquire 4D volume
mechanical 3D/4D transducer
41
Volume contains a ____ or depth.
z-axis
42
______ = distance transducer covers during sweep
volume angle
43
A _____ acquisition speed results in more slices, higher quality volume, and higher resolution in reconstructed planes.
slower
44
planes that are always at right angles to each other
orthogonal planes
45
determines amount of information displayed in A and B planes
ROI box
46
The A plane has the _____ resolution
highest
47
The C plane has the ______ resolution
lowest
48
point where three orthogonal planes intersect
marker dot/reference dot
49
data displayed as series of parallel images; shows position of each parallel slice within volume data set
Multislice ultrasound imaging
50
different algorithms that are used to display 3D data set on screen
rendering modes
51
enhance boundaries and give perception of depth
shading and contouring algorithms
52
displays surface of face without displaying underlying anatomy
surface rendering mode
53
controls how smooth surface appears
surface smooth
54
adds texture to enhance details of the surface
surface texture
55
displays the structure as if it were illuminated by a light source
gradient light
56
rejects fewer low level echoes
low threshold
57
determines degree to which we see through voxel
transparency control
58
allows removal of unwanted structures
electronic eraser or scalpel
59
undoes and changes done to an image
restore or initialize button
60
reduces or eliminates weaker echoes of soft-tissue structures; prominently displays strong echoes of bony skeleton
maximum, skeletal, or x-ray mode
61
Two techniques to evaluate hypoechoic structures
minimum mode and inversion mode
62
used to evaluate hypoechoic or fluid filled structures; display of any fluid filled structure as black on the MPR and volume
minimum mode
63
displays hypoechoic structures, solid structures, or creates digital casts of objects; grayscale portions removed; all cystic areas within entire volume imaged together as echogenic areas
inversion mode
64
used in conjunction with power or color Doppler
glass body or transparency mode
65
tissue becomes transparent showing vascular structures within the volume, increasing visualization of relationship of blood vessels to surrounding anatomy
glass body or transparency mode
66
3D imaging is also called:1
static 3D imaging
67
In ______, the ultrasound transducer makes a single sweep through area of interest and obtains and stores volume.
3D imaging
68
4D imaging is also called:
live or real-time imaging
69
In _____, transducer elements sweep back and forth, continuously acquiring volume data
4D imaging
70
number of volumes acquired per second
volume rate
71
What is the greatest advantage of 3D imaging?
visualization of the coronal plane of the uterus
72
two separate uterine cornua; external fundal indentation of greater than or equal to 1 cm
bicornuate uterus
73
septum dividing cavity with less than 1 cm notch in fundal contour
septate uterus
74
normal external uterine contour; concave fundal indentation of the endometrial cavity of less than 1 cm
arcuate uterus
75
result of weakened pelvic musculature or tears in connective tissue that supports pelvic organs
pelvic floor injury
76
symptoms of pelvic floor injury
urinary incontinence
overactive bladder syndrome
fetal incontinence
pelvic organ prolapse
77
Helps distinguish benign and malignant findings
3D volue with power Doppler
78
allows for 3D reconstruction of tumor's vascular network
power Doppler angiography
79
pivot location
reference dot
80
method to manipulate the 3D volume and produce an image of coronal plane with correct orientation
Z-technique
81
thin, hypoechoic space at posterior embryonic neck
nuchal translucency
82
The nuchal transluceny appears between the _____ and _____
upper spine
occiput
83
appears at posterior noeck; thickest at cervical region; lymphatic malformation; extends posterior length of embryo
cystic hygroma
84
Most favorable time for surface rendering of fetal face
between 23 and 30 weeks
85
mode that helps evaluate bony structures
maximum intensity projection
86
brings out skin line
surface rendering mode
87
provides method to evaluate fetal heart
spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC)
88
The z-technique is also referred to as the :
spin technique
89
occurs using multiple subvolumes to create final volume
stitching artifact
90
adjustable before or after acquisition; removes data between line graphic and transducer
cut plane
91
remove structures overlying area of interest
electronic scalpel
92
________ is the acquisition and storage of a series of 2D images
volume ultrasound
93
The ____ determines the amount of data acquired in the x- and y- axes, whereas the ______ determines the amount of data in the z-axis
ROI
volume angle
94
The most common view for the 3D image is the ______
MPR format
95
The _____ is a coronal image of anatomy unavailable with conventional 2D imaging
C plane
96
the serial display of the acquired 2D images within the data set
tomographic ultrasound
97
Displays the surface of a structure such as in the case of the fetal face or limbs
surface rendering
98
______ changes how well we can see through the voxel, whereas the ____ removed surrounding structures allowing for increased visualization of the desired anatomy.
Transparency
scalpel
99
_______ allows for imaging of the bony skeleton of the fetus
Maximum, skeletal, or x-ray mode
100
_____ and _____ modes help in the evaluation of hypoechoic structures
minimum
inversion
101
_____ used in conjuction with color Doppler modes, highlights vascular anatomy by increasing the transparency of the overlying tissue
Glass bodya
102
_____ is the addition of time to the data acquisition, resulting in real-time display.
4D imaging
103
The _____ technique provides a systematic method to aid in the orientation of anatomy shown on the MPR and volume rendering
z
104
Artifacts unique to 3D imaging are caused by:
acquisition and system processing
fetal movement
shadowing
editing errors
105
3D/4D imaging uses reconstruction abilities similar to:
computed tomography
106
Pixel is defined as:
picture element
107
2D transducers require _____ acquisition to produce 3D images.
freehand
108
The ability to "see-through" the voxel depends on the:
transparency setting
109
Evaluation of hypoechoic structures is enhanced with the adjustment of the:
minimum and inversion modes
110
Anomalies of the fetal heart are best detected using _____ technology.
STIC
111
All of the following are clinical applications for 3D/4D gynecologic ultrasound except:
a. congenital uterine anomalies
b. fetal lip characteristics
c. IUD location
d. infertility evaluation
C
112
Select the view required to display diagnostic fetal heart images utilizing STIC technology.
a. Coronal AP heart
b. Decubitus heart displaying LVOT
c. Apical four chamber
d. PA four chamber
c
113
Uterine volume imaging displays all except:
a. Essure device
b. IUD arm position'
c. bicornuate IUP
d. urinary incontinence
d
114
What is not a common clinical application for a 3D/4D obstetric imaging?
a. nasal bone interrogation
b. STIC
c. adnexal assessment
d. extremity evaluation
c
115
Limitations of 3D/4D imaging are all except:
a. poor 2D acquisition reveals subpar 3D imaging
b. surface-rendering ability
c. fetal movement
d. low amniotic fluid
b
116
A reference dot is:
the point where three orthogonal planes intersect within the volume of
117
In 3D imaging, a filter used to eliminate low-level echoes is called:
threshold
118
The 3D mode that views hypoechoic structures and displays them as a solid structure or creates a digital case of the object is:
inversion mode
119
The rendering mode, glass body, or transparency is used with:
color Doppler
120
Planes that are positioned 90 degrees to each other in 3D imaging are called:
orthogonal planes
121
The rendering mode useful for evaluating the spine, extremities, and cranial sutures is:
skeletal mode
122
The smallest unit of a 3D data set:
voxel
123
Distortion of anatomy can be caused by:
movement of anatomy
124
The central dot seen in the MPR views shows the intersection of the planes and the _____ location.
pivot
125
The term used to describe both 3D and 4D imaging is ______ imaging.
volume
126
____ ultrasound provides anatomical views that are difficult or even impossible to obtain with 2D ultrasound.
3D
127
When a sagittal uterus is imaged with 3D, the B-plane displays a ______ uterus and the C-plane image displays a _____ uterus.
sagittal
coronal
128
The _____ box determines the amount of information displayed in the A and B planes, whereas the determination of the amount of information in the C-plane is through the size of the _____ angle.
ROI
volume
129
_______ transducers obtain conventional 2D images as well as 3D images.
Mechanical 3D/4D
130
A real-time volume acquisition of the fetal heart is performed with _______ correlation
spatiotemporal
131
The ____ plane, adjustable before or after the acquisition, removes data between the line graphic and the transducer, allowing for editing of the volume.
cut
132
3D rendering mode that displays the surface or skin of the body without displaying the underlying anatomy is ______
surface rendering
133
A ______ image of anatomy cannot be obtained with conventional 2D imaging.
coronal
134
Planes that are always at right angles to each other; typically sagittal, transverse, and coronal are known as ______ planes.
orthogonal
135
Conventional 2D imaging does not display a ______ view.
coronal
136
Tomographic ultrasound imaging is also known as ______ imaging.
multislice
137
Pelvic floor imaging that includes both grayscale and volume images requires the use of a ______.
3D endovaginal transducer
138
3D is referred to as static imaging whereas 4D is called _____ or _____ imaging
live
real time
139
The internal _____ in 3D/4D transducers provide spatial information, allowing for precise volume reconstruction.
sensors
140
Acquisition _____, a user-controlled parameters, changes the quality of the resulting data set
speed
141
Evaluation of bony structures is best with _____, _____, or ______ mode, whereas surface rendering mode brings out the _____ line.
maximum
skeletal
x-ray
surface
142
_______, used in conjunction with color Doppler modes, highlights vascular anatomy by increasing the transparency of the overlying tissue.
glass body or transparency mode
143
_______ volume acquisition techniques allow the use of conventional 2D transducers. In this method, examiners manually sweep or move the transducer through the area of interest.
Freehand
144
Regarding 4D ultrasound, the _____ the volume rate, the closer to real time the images appear.
higher
145
