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OB 1 > Chapter 34: Effects of Maternal Disease on Pregnancy > Flashcards

Chapter 34: Effects of Maternal Disease on Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus

A

COVID-19

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2
Q

Any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects; can affect humans with impaired immunologic systems

A

cytomegalovirus

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3
Q

diabetes caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and characterized by polyuria

A

diabetes mellitus

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4
Q

coma and seizures in second and third trimester following preeclampsia

A

eclampsia

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5
Q

herpes virus that causes infectious mononucleosis

A

Epstein-Barr Virus

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6
Q

Maternal high blood pressure that was diagnosed before pregnancy

A

essential hypertension

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7
Q

ovum or sperm (germ cells) that has genetic material that passes to offspring

A

germ line

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8
Q

condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy

A

gestational diabetes

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9
Q

human immuno-deficiency virus that progresses into AIDS

A

HIV

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10
Q

excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood; can affect many systems of the body (especially causing bone resorption and osteoporosis)

A

hyperparathyroidism

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11
Q

overactive thyroid gland; pathologically excessive production of thyroid hormones or the condition resulting from excessive production of thyroid hormones

A

hyperthyroidism

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12
Q

underactive thyroid gland; a glandular disorder resulting from insufficient production of thyroid hormones

A

hypothyroidism

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13
Q

acute febrile highly contagious viral disease

A

influenza

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14
Q

usually, fetal weight below the 10th percentile for a given gestational age

A

IUGR

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15
Q

Accumulation of fluid in fetal tissues in the form of ascites, pleural fluid, and skin edema resulting from factors other than a fetomaternal blood group incompatability

A

nonimmune hydrops

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16
Q

erythemainfectosium or fifth disease; spread via the upper respiratory tract, this virus affects children more strongly than adults

A

parvovirus B19

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17
Q

genetic disorder of metabolism; lack of enzyme needed to turn phenylalanine into tyrosine, which results in an accumulation of phenylaline in the body fluids, causing various degrees of mental deficiency

A

Phenylketonuria

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18
Q

a mechanism by which cells ingest extra-cellular fluid contents

A

pinocytosis

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19
Q

development of immunities to Rh-positive blood antigens from a fetus by an Rh-negative woman

A

Rh isoimmunization

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20
Q

contagious viral disease that is a milder form on measles lasting 3 or 4 days

A

Rubella

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21
Q

congenital form of anemia occurring mostly in blacks; characterized by crescent-shaped blood cells

A

sickle cell anemia

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22
Q

inflammatory disease of connective tissue with variable features including fever, weakness, fatigability, joint pains, and skin lesion on the face, neck, or arms

A

systemic lupus erythematous

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23
Q

inherited form of anemia caused by faulty synthesis of hemoglobin

A

thalassemia

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24
Q

thrombophilia or hypercoaguability is the propensity to develop thrombosis (blood clots) because of coagulation abnormality

A

thrombophilias

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25
Q

includes toxoplasmosis, other viruses (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19), rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes infections

A

TORCH

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26
Q

Aka preeclampsia; abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and protien in the urine

A

Toxemia

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27
Q

Parasitic infection transmitted to humans from undercooked meat or contact with cat feces

A

Toxoplasmosis

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28
Q

Chicken pox infection

A

Varicella-zoster infection

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29
Q

Mosquito-borne single stranded RNA virus relates to the dengue virus

A

Zika virus

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30
Q

Torch stands for

A

Toxoplasmosis
Other
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes

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31
Q

Transposition of the great vessels with or without ventricular septal defect
VSD
Atrial septa defect
Coarctation of the aorta with or without VSD
Cardiomegaly

A

Cardiac congenital anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers

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32
Q

Duodenal atresia
Anorectal arectal atresia
Small left colon syndrome

A

Gastrointestinal anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers

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33
Q

Hydronephrosis
Renal a genesis
Ureteral duplication

A

Congenital anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers

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34
Q

Caudal regression syndrome
Neural tube defects
Anencephaly
Microcephaly

A

Central nervous system congenital anomalies in infants with diabetic mothers

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35
Q

IUGR
Oligohydramnios
Placental infarcts
Placental abruption
Decreased placental volume
Increased placental maturation
Fetal demise
Increased S/D ratio

A

Sonographic findings of preeclampsia

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36
Q

hepatosplenomegaly
immune fetal hydrops (ascites, pleural, and pericardial fluid, anasarca)
increased S/D ratios
polyhydramnios
thick placenta
cardiomegaly
umbilical vein dilatation

A

sonographic findings in an Rh isoimmunized pregnancy

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37
Q

fetal death
short femurs
IUGR
increased umbilical and uterine artery S/D ratios

A

sonographic findings of sickle cell disease

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38
Q

major physiologic function of placenta

A

exchange gas, nutrients, and waste products between maternal and fetal circulations

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39
Q

Methods to help exchange products for placenta

A

diffusion
active transport
pinocytosis

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40
Q

prevents mixing of maternal and fetal circulation

A

placental barrier

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41
Q

occurs to a fetus through placental injury caused by maternal diseases

A

indirect harm

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42
Q

indications of increased vascular resistance

A

premature rupture of membranes
toxemia
IUGR
sickle cell disease
diabetes mellitus
high S/D ratio

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43
Q

The extent of fetal damage from infection has alot to do with _____.

A

gestational age

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44
Q

viruses that can infect the embryo, integrate into germ line, and cause disease in future generations

A

before conception infections

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45
Q

transmission routes for maternal reproductive tract infections

A

genital tract and circulation

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46
Q

prevents majority of teratogens from damaging the zygote or embryo

A

zona pellucida

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47
Q

The largest number of adverse fetal effects comes from infection _____.

A

after implantation

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48
Q

Maternal infections result in _____, ______, _____.

A

viremia
bacteremia
parasitemia

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49
Q

spread to placenta through a hematogeneous route

A

maternal infections

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50
Q

3 outcomes infected with varicella virus

A

congenital abnormalities
postnatal newborn disease
zoster (shingles)

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51
Q

causes mononucleosis

A

Epstein-Barr Virus

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52
Q

transmission from mother to infant; occurs near or at partuition

A

HIV

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53
Q

factors for transmission of HIV

A

total number of maternal HIV particles
effectiveness of maternal and fetal immune response
integrity of placental barrier

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54
Q

in utero effects of HIV

A

prematurity
IUGR
hepatomegaly
lymphadenopathy

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55
Q

Gonorrhea can result in ______ and _____ in the fetus

A

meningitis
arthritis

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56
Q

transmitted by deer-borne ticks

A

lyme disease

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57
Q

common medical complication of pregnancy

A

UTI

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58
Q

several factors that determine clinical manifestations of parasitic infection

A

life cycle in human host
quantity and location of parasite
host-parasite interactions

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59
Q

occurs when parasites penetrate and invade host’s viscera

A

fetal threat

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60
Q

Two common human parasitic diseases

A

toxoplasmosis
malaria

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61
Q

_____ promotes placental insufficiency, causing IUGR, low birth weight, abortion, and stillbirth.

A

malaria

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62
Q

TORCH

A

toxoplasmosis
other
rubella
cytomegalovirus
herpes

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63
Q

includes some of the common maternal infections associated with fetal congenital anomalies

A

TORCH

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64
Q

parasitic infection that is typically transmitted through undercooked or raw meat that is contaminated with cysts or through food or contaminated water

A

toxoplasmosis

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65
Q

Infections with _____ early in pregnancy may result in spontaneous abortion.

A

syphilis

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66
Q

Congenital disease because of later exposure to syphilis may result in ______ or _____.

A

stillbirth
neonatal mortality

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67
Q

Fetal contamination with maternal chickenpox results in fetal ______.

A

varicella-zoster

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68
Q

Risk of fetal anomalies is highest in the ____ and _____ trimesters with fetal varicella-zoster.

A

first
second

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69
Q

also known as fifth disease

A

parvovirus B19

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70
Q

also known as German or 3 days measles

A

Rubella

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71
Q

infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus

A

COVID 19

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72
Q

mosquito-borne single stranded RNA virus related to dengue viruz

A

Zika virus

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73
Q

Gestational herpes reaches the embryo or fetus through the _____.

A

placenta

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74
Q

Most common known cause of congenital infections in humans

A

gestational herpes

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75
Q

Diagnosis of IUGR

A

fetal weight below 10th percentile

76
Q

diagnosis of microcephaly

A

combination of sloped forehead and an abnormal cephalic index

77
Q

typical finding when a maternal infection has crossed the placenta

A

polyhydramnios

78
Q

_____ infection and ______ commonly result in periventricular calcifications

A

CMV
toxoplasmosis

79
Q

echogenic calcifications adjacent to dilated ventricular wall

A

periventricular calcifications

80
Q

Maternal infections often result in ________.

A

nonimmune hydrops

81
Q

accumulation of interstitial fluid in any two of the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial tissues along with fetal soft tissue

A

nonimmune hydrops

82
Q

Most common maternal disorder

A

diabetes mellitus

83
Q

disorder of carbohydrate metabolism related to insulin deficiency and characterized by hyperglycemia

A

diabetes mellitus

84
Q

Type ___ diabetes is insulin dependent and is formely known as juvenile onset diabetes

A

I

85
Q

Type ___diabetes is adult onset diabetes.

A

II

86
Q

______ diabetes results from pancreatic disease, hormones, drugs, chemicals, or certain genetic syndromes.

A

secondary

87
Q

diabetes manifested only during pregnancy

A

gestational

88
Q

increased body tissues and fat

A

macrosomia

89
Q

attributed to uteroplacental vascular insufficiency; results in fewer nutrients being transferred

A

growth retardation

90
Q

responsible for development of macrosomia

A

fetal hyperinsulinemia

91
Q

Fetal weigh about 4,500 g is indicative of _______

A

fetal hyperinsulinemia

92
Q

Fetal birth weight above the 90th percentile is indicative of _____.

A

fetal hyperinsulinemia

93
Q

Excessive amniotic fluid is defined as greater than or equal to the ____ percentile.

A

60

94
Q

Gestational diabetes usually begins in the __ or __ month of pregnany

A

5
6

95
Q

The glucose tolerance test is performed between __ and __ weeks.

A

24
28

96
Q

A normal glucose level is less than ___ mg/dL

A

140

97
Q

also known as thyrotoxicosis

A

hyperthyroidism

98
Q

Most common causes of hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease
Plummer disease
trophoblastic tumors
hydatidform mole

99
Q

______ has a high rate of stillbirths in women who become pregnant.

A

hypothyroidism

100
Q

Most common cause of hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroid adenoma

101
Q

inherited autosomal recessive disease that results in increased phenylaline in blod

A

phenylketonuria

102
Q

refers to development of maternal antibodies to the surface antigens on fetal red blood cells

A

Rh isoimmunization

103
Q

condition characterized by rapid destruction of fetal red blood cells

A

erythroblastosis fetalis

104
Q

preventative maternal immunologic blocking treatmen

A

RhoGAM

105
Q

inherited disorder that affects people from families originating around the world

A

sickle cell anemia

106
Q

responsible for transporting oxygen to body

A

hemoglobin

107
Q

normal blood cell

A

flexible round shape

108
Q

sickle blood cell

A

rigid sickle shaped appearance,

109
Q

The sickle cell shape change is because of a gene mutation on the ______.

A

hemoglobin-beta gene

110
Q

one of the most common maternal autosomal recessive genetic abnormalities

A

thalassemia

111
Q

reduction in hemoglobin production

A

sickle cell anemia
thalassemia

112
Q

group of disorders that promote blood clotting

A

thrombophilias

113
Q

Make too many blood clotting factors or too few anticlotting protients

A

thrombophilias

114
Q

Most common acquired thrombophilia

A

antiphospholipid syndrome

115
Q

also known as toxemia

A

preeclampsia

116
Q

third trimester diease

A

preeclampsia

117
Q

hypertension with proteinuria and/or edema

A

preeclampsia

118
Q

multiple convulsions occur, later stage of preeclampsia

A

eclampsia

119
Q

Toxemia is found to occur most commonly in ______ and ______

A

younger primigravadas
older multipravada

120
Q

HELLP syndrome

A

hemolysis
elevated liver enzymes
low platelets

121
Q

hypertension preceding or persisting after pregnancy

A

essential hypertension

122
Q

hypertension that occurs during pregnancy and disappears after parturition

A

pregnancy-induced hypertension

123
Q

multisystem autoimmune disease

A

systemic lupus erythematous

124
Q

Drug use affects outcomes by promoting:

A

fetal addiction
teratogenesis
altered uteroplacental blood flow
IUGR

125
Q

Teratogenic affect depends on several factors:

A

drug
dosage
time of exposure
host susceptibility
genetic differences in host
interactions with other agents in environment

126
Q

Drugs used abusively:

A

alcohol
amphetamines
barbiturates
narcotics

127
Q

Main affect of drug use and nutritional disorders

A

IUGR

128
Q

excessive consumption of alcohol

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

129
Q

leading cause of mental retardation

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

130
Q

most common nutritional disorder in developed countries

A

obesity

131
Q

3 major antenatal complications of obesity

A

hypertension
preeclampsia
gestational diabetes

132
Q

The effect of viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections on the fetus depends on the ______ of the fetus.

A

gestational age

133
Q

______ is a grouping of five maternal infections related to congenital anomalies.

A

TORCH

134
Q

Decreased fetal blood hemoglobin results in an ____ in the systolic-to-diastolic ratio.

A

increase

135
Q

Because of ________, women with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and phenylketonuria rarely carry a pregnancy to term.

A

hormonal imbalances

136
Q

________ occurs when a mother has an R-negative blood type and the fetus is an Rh-positive blood type.

A

Rh isoimmunization

137
Q

Mixing of maternal Rh-negative and Rh-positive blood at parturition of either a term or aborted pregnancy can results in _____

A

Rh isoimmunization

138
Q

________ increases the risk of immune fetal hydrops

A

Rh isoimmunization

139
Q

______ and ______ are blood conditions resulting in anemia in the fetus and mother.

A

sickle cell disease
thalassemia

140
Q

Toxemia, or preeclampsia, is a grouping of systems that include _____, _______, and ____.

A

hypertension
proteinuria
edema

141
Q

______ occurs open the manifestation of seizures in the preeclampsia patient.

A

Eclampsia

142
Q

_______ are a genetic form of hypercoaguability.

A

thrombophilias

143
Q

_______ is an autoimmune disease that increases the risk of fetal death, recurrent miscarriage, IUGR, and toxemia.

A

Systemic lupus erythamatous

144
Q

_______ results in premature birth, IUGR and miscarriages, possibly because of the lower oxygen content in maternal circulation.

A

Cyanotic heart disease

145
Q

Physiologic functions of the placenta include all except:
a. exchange of nutrients
b. exchange of waste
c. exchange of solids
d. exchange of gas

A

c

146
Q

select the substance that requires “assistance” in order to cross the placental membrane
a. carbohydrates
b. infectious agents
c. drugs
d. antibodies

A

a

147
Q

What type of imaging provides fetoplacental circulation information?

A

Doppler

148
Q

PROM, toxemia, IUGR, sickle cell disease, and diabetes mellitus result in a ______ indicating increased vascular resistance.

A

high S/D ratio

149
Q

A maternal infection occurring before conception:
a. may adversely affect a fetus
b. always adversely affect a fetus
c. never adversely affect a fetus
d. will only affect a fetus if antibiotics are not prescribed

A

a

150
Q

Maternal infections passed to the fetus are usually via the:

A

genital tract and circulatory systems

151
Q

A rare viral infection that is linked to stillbirth, low infant birth weight, congenital heart anomalies, and microphthalmia is:

A

EBV

152
Q

Choose a bacterial infection that is seen during pregnancy and known to cause fetal prematurity, prolonged rupture of fetal membranes, sepsis, and IUGR.
a. Epstein-Barr
b. Gonorrhea
c. Human imunodeficiency virus
d. Malaria

A

b

153
Q

Select the infection that represents a very common medical complication of pregnancy. It causes a premature delivery/ low birth weight and maternal cystitis.
a. Cholera
b. CMV
c. Staphylcoccus
d. UTI

A

d

154
Q

A maternal infectious disease that promotes placental insufficiency, causing IUGR, low birth weight, abortion, and stillbirth is:

A

malaria

155
Q

An infectious disease that can exacerbate during pregnancy, especially with patients having underlying medical conditions and those over 25 years of age, often requiring hospitalization:

A

COVID-19

156
Q

The placental barrier that usually protects fetuses from toxoplasmosis is most effective:

A

during early pregnancy

157
Q

Fetal malformations occurring in the first trimester which consist of cataracts, cardiac defects, and deafness are caused by:

A

3 day measles

158
Q

Periventricular echogenic calcifications visualized in the fetal cranium are commonly related to:

A

chickenpox

159
Q

Select the type of diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy and affects about 7% of all pregnent women.

A

gestational

160
Q

A glucose tolerance test:
a. is usually performed between 24 and 28 weeks
b. checks the glucose level 2 hours afer p.o. ingestion of a glucose solution
c. that displays a 1 hour elevated level will require a 4 hour tolerance test
d. is requested only if there is a family history of diabetes mellitues

A

a

161
Q

Isoimmunized pregnancies can result in all except:
a. erythroblastosis fetalis
b. hepatosplenomegaly
c. immune hydrops fetalis
d. Rh factor

A

d

162
Q

Maternal edema, hypertension, proteinuria, and nervous system irritability define:

A

toxemia/ hypertension symptoms

163
Q

The safest time for a female diagnosed with systemic lupus erythamatous to produce a pregnancy is:

A

when disease activity is controlled by small doses of steroids and aspirin

164
Q

Select the maternal disease that is least likely to affect a fetus’s heart
a. influenze
b. TORCH
c. thalassemia
d. EBV

A

c

165
Q

The _____ plays a role as a barrier in preventing or facilitating the transmission of maternal disease to the fetus.

A

placenta

166
Q

Substances and agents that move across the placental barrier, harming the developing fetus are ______, ______, and antibodies.

A

infectious agents
drugs

167
Q

Maternal hypertension ______ uteroplacental flow.

A

decreases

168
Q

Normally, as pregnancy progresses, diastolic flow ______, representing _______ resistance to flow.

A

increases
reduced

169
Q

Toxemia (preeclampsia) of pregnancy is a _____-trimester disease characterized by maternal edema, hypertension, proteinuria, and central nervous system irritability.

A

third

170
Q

Of the patients diagnosed with preeclampsia, 2% to 12% are affected by the _____ syndrome.

A

HELLP

171
Q

Patients with UTIs during pregnancy should be treated with _____ and monitored by frequent urine _____.

A

antibiotics
cultures

172
Q

Maternal malaria promotes placental _______, causing IUGR, low birth weight, abortion, and stillbirth.

A

insufficiency

173
Q

Fetal _______, a diagnostic test, helps detect heart abnormalities in patients exposed to CMV and rubella.

A

echocardiography

174
Q

If severe toxoplasmosis infection occurs, the outcome presents as central nervous system anomalies such as _____, _____, ________, _______, and mental retardation.

A

hydrocephalus
microcephaly
intracranial calcifications
seizures

175
Q

Cyanotic heart disease results in premature birth, IUGR, and miscarriages, possibly owing to the lower ______ content in maternal circulation.

A

oxygen

176
Q

If an obstetric patient is infected with parvovirus B19, ultrasound to image anatomy and measurement of the ________ of the middle cerebral artery are noninvasive procedures to diagnose fetal anemia and nonimmune hydrops.

A

peak systolic flow velocity

177
Q

Cesarean section delivery is indicated in the event of _______ virus in the maternal genital tract.

A

gestational herpes

178
Q

congenital malformations seen with diabetes are related to high blood sugar levels resulting in disruption of embryonic _____.

A

organogenesis

179
Q

The preferred predictor of neonatal weight in the third trimester is the ________ measurement.

A

abdominal circumference

180
Q

Hyperthyroidism produces thyroxine that causes a significant increase of ___ -birth weight infants.

A

low

181
Q

Phenyloketonuria (PKU) control is by following a low- _____, low-protein ____.

A

phenylaline
diet

182
Q

Rh isoimmunization refers to the development of maternal ______ to the surface antigens on fetal ___ cells.

A

antibodies
red

183
Q

Rigid irregulary shaped blood cells that occur mostly in African Americans in the United States is a cause of _____.

A

sickle cell anemia

184
Q

Ingestion of raw meat, contaminated water, and contact with feline feces is advised against for the obstetrical patient owing to the risk of ______.

A

toxoplasmosis

185
Q
A

OB 1 (16 decks)

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