Chapter 34: Effects of Maternal Disease on Pregnancy Flashcards
1
Q
an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus
A
COVID-19
2
Q
Any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects; can affect humans with impaired immunologic systems
A
cytomegalovirus
3
Q
diabetes caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and characterized by polyuria
A
diabetes mellitus
4
Q
coma and seizures in second and third trimester following preeclampsia
A
eclampsia
5
Q
herpes virus that causes infectious mononucleosis
A
Epstein-Barr Virus
6
Q
Maternal high blood pressure that was diagnosed before pregnancy
A
essential hypertension
7
Q
ovum or sperm (germ cells) that has genetic material that passes to offspring
A
germ line
8
Q
condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes exhibit high blood glucose levels during pregnancy
A
gestational diabetes
9
Q
human immuno-deficiency virus that progresses into AIDS
A
HIV
10
Q
excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood; can affect many systems of the body (especially causing bone resorption and osteoporosis)
A
hyperparathyroidism
11
Q
overactive thyroid gland; pathologically excessive production of thyroid hormones or the condition resulting from excessive production of thyroid hormones
A
hyperthyroidism
12
Q
underactive thyroid gland; a glandular disorder resulting from insufficient production of thyroid hormones
A
hypothyroidism
13
Q
acute febrile highly contagious viral disease
A
influenza
14
Q
usually, fetal weight below the 10th percentile for a given gestational age
A
IUGR
15
Q
Accumulation of fluid in fetal tissues in the form of ascites, pleural fluid, and skin edema resulting from factors other than a fetomaternal blood group incompatability
A
nonimmune hydrops
16
Q
erythemainfectosium or fifth disease; spread via the upper respiratory tract, this virus affects children more strongly than adults
A
parvovirus B19
17
Q
genetic disorder of metabolism; lack of enzyme needed to turn phenylalanine into tyrosine, which results in an accumulation of phenylaline in the body fluids, causing various degrees of mental deficiency
A
Phenylketonuria
18
Q
a mechanism by which cells ingest extra-cellular fluid contents
A
pinocytosis
19
Q
development of immunities to Rh-positive blood antigens from a fetus by an Rh-negative woman
A
Rh isoimmunization
20
Q
contagious viral disease that is a milder form on measles lasting 3 or 4 days
A
Rubella
21
Q
congenital form of anemia occurring mostly in blacks; characterized by crescent-shaped blood cells
A
sickle cell anemia
22
Q
inflammatory disease of connective tissue with variable features including fever, weakness, fatigability, joint pains, and skin lesion on the face, neck, or arms
A
systemic lupus erythematous
23
Q
inherited form of anemia caused by faulty synthesis of hemoglobin
A
thalassemia
24
Q
thrombophilia or hypercoaguability is the propensity to develop thrombosis (blood clots) because of coagulation abnormality
A
thrombophilias
25
includes toxoplasmosis, other viruses (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19), rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes infections
TORCH
26
Aka preeclampsia; abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and protien in the urine
Toxemia
27
Parasitic infection transmitted to humans from undercooked meat or contact with cat feces
Toxoplasmosis
28
Chicken pox infection
Varicella-zoster infection
29
Mosquito-borne single stranded RNA virus relates to the dengue virus
Zika virus
30
Torch stands for
Toxoplasmosis
Other
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes
31
Transposition of the great vessels with or without ventricular septal defect
VSD
Atrial septa defect
Coarctation of the aorta with or without VSD
Cardiomegaly
Cardiac congenital anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers
32
Duodenal atresia
Anorectal arectal atresia
Small left colon syndrome
Gastrointestinal anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers
33
Hydronephrosis
Renal a genesis
Ureteral duplication
Congenital anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers
34
Caudal regression syndrome
Neural tube defects
Anencephaly
Microcephaly
Central nervous system congenital anomalies in infants with diabetic mothers
35
IUGR
Oligohydramnios
Placental infarcts
Placental abruption
Decreased placental volume
Increased placental maturation
Fetal demise
Increased S/D ratio
Sonographic findings of preeclampsia
36
hepatosplenomegaly
immune fetal hydrops (ascites, pleural, and pericardial fluid, anasarca)
increased S/D ratios
polyhydramnios
thick placenta
cardiomegaly
umbilical vein dilatation
sonographic findings in an Rh isoimmunized pregnancy
37
fetal death
short femurs
IUGR
increased umbilical and uterine artery S/D ratios
sonographic findings of sickle cell disease
38
major physiologic function of placenta
exchange gas, nutrients, and waste products between maternal and fetal circulations
39
Methods to help exchange products for placenta
diffusion
active transport
pinocytosis
40
prevents mixing of maternal and fetal circulation
placental barrier
41
occurs to a fetus through placental injury caused by maternal diseases
indirect harm
42
indications of increased vascular resistance
premature rupture of membranes
toxemia
IUGR
sickle cell disease
diabetes mellitus
high S/D ratio
43
The extent of fetal damage from infection has alot to do with _____.
gestational age
44
viruses that can infect the embryo, integrate into germ line, and cause disease in future generations
before conception infections
45
transmission routes for maternal reproductive tract infections
genital tract and circulation
46
prevents majority of teratogens from damaging the zygote or embryo
zona pellucida
47
The largest number of adverse fetal effects comes from infection _____.
after implantation
48
Maternal infections result in _____, ______, _____.
viremia
bacteremia
parasitemia
49
spread to placenta through a hematogeneous route
maternal infections
50
3 outcomes infected with varicella virus
congenital abnormalities
postnatal newborn disease
zoster (shingles)
51
causes mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr Virus
52
transmission from mother to infant; occurs near or at partuition
HIV
53
factors for transmission of HIV
total number of maternal HIV particles
effectiveness of maternal and fetal immune response
integrity of placental barrier
54
in utero effects of HIV
prematurity
IUGR
hepatomegaly
lymphadenopathy
55
Gonorrhea can result in ______ and _____ in the fetus
meningitis
arthritis
56
transmitted by deer-borne ticks
lyme disease
57
common medical complication of pregnancy
UTI
58
several factors that determine clinical manifestations of parasitic infection
life cycle in human host
quantity and location of parasite
host-parasite interactions
59
occurs when parasites penetrate and invade host's viscera
fetal threat
60
Two common human parasitic diseases
toxoplasmosis
malaria
61
_____ promotes placental insufficiency, causing IUGR, low birth weight, abortion, and stillbirth.
malaria
62
TORCH
toxoplasmosis
other
rubella
cytomegalovirus
herpes
63
includes some of the common maternal infections associated with fetal congenital anomalies
TORCH
64
parasitic infection that is typically transmitted through undercooked or raw meat that is contaminated with cysts or through food or contaminated water
toxoplasmosis
65
Infections with _____ early in pregnancy may result in spontaneous abortion.
syphilis
66
Congenital disease because of later exposure to syphilis may result in ______ or _____.
stillbirth
neonatal mortality
67
Fetal contamination with maternal chickenpox results in fetal ______.
varicella-zoster
68
Risk of fetal anomalies is highest in the ____ and _____ trimesters with fetal varicella-zoster.
first
second
69
also known as fifth disease
parvovirus B19
70
also known as German or 3 days measles
Rubella
71
infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus
COVID 19
72
mosquito-borne single stranded RNA virus related to dengue viruz
Zika virus
73
Gestational herpes reaches the embryo or fetus through the _____.
placenta
74
Most common known cause of congenital infections in humans
gestational herpes
75
Diagnosis of IUGR
fetal weight below 10th percentile
76
diagnosis of microcephaly
combination of sloped forehead and an abnormal cephalic index
77
typical finding when a maternal infection has crossed the placenta
polyhydramnios
78
_____ infection and ______ commonly result in periventricular calcifications
CMV
toxoplasmosis
79
echogenic calcifications adjacent to dilated ventricular wall
periventricular calcifications
80
Maternal infections often result in ________.
nonimmune hydrops
81
accumulation of interstitial fluid in any two of the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial tissues along with fetal soft tissue
nonimmune hydrops
82
Most common maternal disorder
diabetes mellitus
83
disorder of carbohydrate metabolism related to insulin deficiency and characterized by hyperglycemia
diabetes mellitus
84
Type ___ diabetes is insulin dependent and is formely known as juvenile onset diabetes
I
85
Type ___diabetes is adult onset diabetes.
II
86
______ diabetes results from pancreatic disease, hormones, drugs, chemicals, or certain genetic syndromes.
secondary
87
diabetes manifested only during pregnancy
gestational
88
increased body tissues and fat
macrosomia
89
attributed to uteroplacental vascular insufficiency; results in fewer nutrients being transferred
growth retardation
90
responsible for development of macrosomia
fetal hyperinsulinemia
91
Fetal weigh about 4,500 g is indicative of _______
fetal hyperinsulinemia
92
Fetal birth weight above the 90th percentile is indicative of _____.
fetal hyperinsulinemia
93
Excessive amniotic fluid is defined as greater than or equal to the ____ percentile.
60
94
Gestational diabetes usually begins in the __ or __ month of pregnany
5
6
95
The glucose tolerance test is performed between __ and __ weeks.
24
28
96
A normal glucose level is less than ___ mg/dL
140
97
also known as thyrotoxicosis
hyperthyroidism
98
Most common causes of hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
Plummer disease
trophoblastic tumors
hydatidform mole
99
______ has a high rate of stillbirths in women who become pregnant.
hypothyroidism
100
Most common cause of hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma
101
inherited autosomal recessive disease that results in increased phenylaline in blod
phenylketonuria
102
refers to development of maternal antibodies to the surface antigens on fetal red blood cells
Rh isoimmunization
103
condition characterized by rapid destruction of fetal red blood cells
erythroblastosis fetalis
104
preventative maternal immunologic blocking treatmen
RhoGAM
105
inherited disorder that affects people from families originating around the world
sickle cell anemia
106
responsible for transporting oxygen to body
hemoglobin
107
normal blood cell
flexible round shape
108
sickle blood cell
rigid sickle shaped appearance,
109
The sickle cell shape change is because of a gene mutation on the ______.
hemoglobin-beta gene
110
one of the most common maternal autosomal recessive genetic abnormalities
thalassemia
111
reduction in hemoglobin production
sickle cell anemia
thalassemia
112
group of disorders that promote blood clotting
thrombophilias
113
Make too many blood clotting factors or too few anticlotting protients
thrombophilias
114
Most common acquired thrombophilia
antiphospholipid syndrome
115
also known as toxemia
preeclampsia
116
third trimester diease
preeclampsia
117
hypertension with proteinuria and/or edema
preeclampsia
118
multiple convulsions occur, later stage of preeclampsia
eclampsia
119
Toxemia is found to occur most commonly in ______ and ______
younger primigravadas
older multipravada
120
HELLP syndrome
hemolysis
elevated liver enzymes
low platelets
121
hypertension preceding or persisting after pregnancy
essential hypertension
122
hypertension that occurs during pregnancy and disappears after parturition
pregnancy-induced hypertension
123
multisystem autoimmune disease
systemic lupus erythematous
124
Drug use affects outcomes by promoting:
fetal addiction
teratogenesis
altered uteroplacental blood flow
IUGR
125
Teratogenic affect depends on several factors:
drug
dosage
time of exposure
host susceptibility
genetic differences in host
interactions with other agents in environment
126
Drugs used abusively:
alcohol
amphetamines
barbiturates
narcotics
127
Main affect of drug use and nutritional disorders
IUGR
128
excessive consumption of alcohol
fetal alcohol syndrome
129
leading cause of mental retardation
fetal alcohol syndrome
130
most common nutritional disorder in developed countries
obesity
131
3 major antenatal complications of obesity
hypertension
preeclampsia
gestational diabetes
132
The effect of viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections on the fetus depends on the ______ of the fetus.
gestational age
133
______ is a grouping of five maternal infections related to congenital anomalies.
TORCH
134
Decreased fetal blood hemoglobin results in an ____ in the systolic-to-diastolic ratio.
increase
135
Because of ________, women with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and phenylketonuria rarely carry a pregnancy to term.
hormonal imbalances
136
________ occurs when a mother has an R-negative blood type and the fetus is an Rh-positive blood type.
Rh isoimmunization
137
Mixing of maternal Rh-negative and Rh-positive blood at parturition of either a term or aborted pregnancy can results in _____
Rh isoimmunization
138
________ increases the risk of immune fetal hydrops
Rh isoimmunization
139
______ and ______ are blood conditions resulting in anemia in the fetus and mother.
sickle cell disease
thalassemia
140
Toxemia, or preeclampsia, is a grouping of systems that include _____, _______, and ____.
hypertension
proteinuria
edema
141
______ occurs open the manifestation of seizures in the preeclampsia patient.
Eclampsia
142
_______ are a genetic form of hypercoaguability.
thrombophilias
143
_______ is an autoimmune disease that increases the risk of fetal death, recurrent miscarriage, IUGR, and toxemia.
Systemic lupus erythamatous
144
_______ results in premature birth, IUGR and miscarriages, possibly because of the lower oxygen content in maternal circulation.
Cyanotic heart disease
145
Physiologic functions of the placenta include all except:
a. exchange of nutrients
b. exchange of waste
c. exchange of solids
d. exchange of gas
c
146
select the substance that requires "assistance" in order to cross the placental membrane
a. carbohydrates
b. infectious agents
c. drugs
d. antibodies
a
147
What type of imaging provides fetoplacental circulation information?
Doppler
148
PROM, toxemia, IUGR, sickle cell disease, and diabetes mellitus result in a ______ indicating increased vascular resistance.
high S/D ratio
149
A maternal infection occurring before conception:
a. may adversely affect a fetus
b. always adversely affect a fetus
c. never adversely affect a fetus
d. will only affect a fetus if antibiotics are not prescribed
a
150
Maternal infections passed to the fetus are usually via the:
genital tract and circulatory systems
151
A rare viral infection that is linked to stillbirth, low infant birth weight, congenital heart anomalies, and microphthalmia is:
EBV
152
Choose a bacterial infection that is seen during pregnancy and known to cause fetal prematurity, prolonged rupture of fetal membranes, sepsis, and IUGR.
a. Epstein-Barr
b. Gonorrhea
c. Human imunodeficiency virus
d. Malaria
b
153
Select the infection that represents a very common medical complication of pregnancy. It causes a premature delivery/ low birth weight and maternal cystitis.
a. Cholera
b. CMV
c. Staphylcoccus
d. UTI
d
154
A maternal infectious disease that promotes placental insufficiency, causing IUGR, low birth weight, abortion, and stillbirth is:
malaria
155
An infectious disease that can exacerbate during pregnancy, especially with patients having underlying medical conditions and those over 25 years of age, often requiring hospitalization:
COVID-19
156
The placental barrier that usually protects fetuses from toxoplasmosis is most effective:
during early pregnancy
157
Fetal malformations occurring in the first trimester which consist of cataracts, cardiac defects, and deafness are caused by:
3 day measles
158
Periventricular echogenic calcifications visualized in the fetal cranium are commonly related to:
chickenpox
159
Select the type of diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy and affects about 7% of all pregnent women.
gestational
160
A glucose tolerance test:
a. is usually performed between 24 and 28 weeks
b. checks the glucose level 2 hours afer p.o. ingestion of a glucose solution
c. that displays a 1 hour elevated level will require a 4 hour tolerance test
d. is requested only if there is a family history of diabetes mellitues
a
161
Isoimmunized pregnancies can result in all except:
a. erythroblastosis fetalis
b. hepatosplenomegaly
c. immune hydrops fetalis
d. Rh factor
d
162
Maternal edema, hypertension, proteinuria, and nervous system irritability define:
toxemia/ hypertension symptoms
163
The safest time for a female diagnosed with systemic lupus erythamatous to produce a pregnancy is:
when disease activity is controlled by small doses of steroids and aspirin
164
Select the maternal disease that is least likely to affect a fetus's heart
a. influenze
b. TORCH
c. thalassemia
d. EBV
c
165
The _____ plays a role as a barrier in preventing or facilitating the transmission of maternal disease to the fetus.
placenta
166
Substances and agents that move across the placental barrier, harming the developing fetus are ______, ______, and antibodies.
infectious agents
drugs
167
Maternal hypertension ______ uteroplacental flow.
decreases
168
Normally, as pregnancy progresses, diastolic flow ______, representing _______ resistance to flow.
increases
reduced
169
Toxemia (preeclampsia) of pregnancy is a _____-trimester disease characterized by maternal edema, hypertension, proteinuria, and central nervous system irritability.
third
170
Of the patients diagnosed with preeclampsia, 2% to 12% are affected by the _____ syndrome.
HELLP
171
Patients with UTIs during pregnancy should be treated with _____ and monitored by frequent urine _____.
antibiotics
cultures
172
Maternal malaria promotes placental _______, causing IUGR, low birth weight, abortion, and stillbirth.
insufficiency
173
Fetal _______, a diagnostic test, helps detect heart abnormalities in patients exposed to CMV and rubella.
echocardiography
174
If severe toxoplasmosis infection occurs, the outcome presents as central nervous system anomalies such as _____, _____, ________, _______, and mental retardation.
hydrocephalus
microcephaly
intracranial calcifications
seizures
175
Cyanotic heart disease results in premature birth, IUGR, and miscarriages, possibly owing to the lower ______ content in maternal circulation.
oxygen
176
If an obstetric patient is infected with parvovirus B19, ultrasound to image anatomy and measurement of the ________ of the middle cerebral artery are noninvasive procedures to diagnose fetal anemia and nonimmune hydrops.
peak systolic flow velocity
177
Cesarean section delivery is indicated in the event of _______ virus in the maternal genital tract.
gestational herpes
178
congenital malformations seen with diabetes are related to high blood sugar levels resulting in disruption of embryonic _____.
organogenesis
179
The preferred predictor of neonatal weight in the third trimester is the ________ measurement.
abdominal circumference
180
Hyperthyroidism produces thyroxine that causes a significant increase of ___ -birth weight infants.
low
181
Phenyloketonuria (PKU) control is by following a low- _____, low-protein ____.
phenylaline
diet
182
Rh isoimmunization refers to the development of maternal ______ to the surface antigens on fetal ___ cells.
antibodies
red
183
Rigid irregulary shaped blood cells that occur mostly in African Americans in the United States is a cause of _____.
sickle cell anemia
184
Ingestion of raw meat, contaminated water, and contact with feline feces is advised against for the obstetrical patient owing to the risk of ______.
toxoplasmosis
185
