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OB 1 > Chapter 21: Normal Placenta and Umbilical Cord > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Normal Placenta and Umbilical Cord Flashcards

1
Q

extraplacental lobe smaller than the placenta

A

succenturiate lobe

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2
Q

uterine contractions that do not lead to labor

A

Braxton-Hicks

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3
Q

Lobule or subdivision of the maternal placenta containing fetal vessels, chorionic villi, and the intervillous space

A

Cotyledons

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4
Q

the functional layer of the endometrium in the gravid woman

A

decidua

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5
Q

area between the myometrium and placenta

A

retroplacental

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6
Q

mucous tissue surrounding the umbilical cord

A

Wharton jelly

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7
Q

Grade 0 placenta

A

no calcifications (to about 31 weeks)

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8
Q

Grade 1 placenta

A

scattered calcifications (31-36 weeks)

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9
Q

Grade II placenta

A

Basal calcifications with increase in lobulations (36-38 weeks)

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10
Q

Grade III placenta

A

basal and interlobar septal calcifications (38 weeks to term)

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11
Q

Most term pregnancies have grade __ or ___ placenta

A

I or II

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12
Q

connects fetus and placenta

A

umbilical cord

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13
Q

3 vessels of umbilical cord

A

2 arteries and 1 vein

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14
Q

_____ carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

A

arteries

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15
Q

____ brings oxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

A

vein

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16
Q

Placental evaluation consists of assessment of:

A

size
shape
consistency
location

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17
Q

Umbilical cord evaluation consists of assessment of:

A

confirming number of vessels
documenting length
appearance of cord
visualizing portions of insertion

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18
Q

The umbilical cord originates from the fusion of ____ and ____.

A

yolk sac stalk and omphalomesenteric duct

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19
Q

The umbilical cord can be seen around __ weeks gestation

A

7

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20
Q

outpouching from urinary bladder

A

urachus

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21
Q

The urachus forms the _____

A

allantois

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22
Q

Average length of umbilical cord at term

A

51.5-61 cm

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23
Q

Mean circumference of umbilical cord at term

A

3.8 cm

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24
Q

______ refers to visualization of several portions of cord folded onto each other

A

“stack of coins”

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25
Q

Maternal portion of the placenta arises from:

A

endometrium

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26
Q

Fetal portion of the placenta arises from:

A

section of chorionic sac

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27
Q

functional layer of endometrium

A

decidua

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28
Q

lies deep to conceptus; develops into the maternal side of the placenta

A

decidua basalis

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29
Q

overlies conceptus

A

decidua capsularis

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30
Q

encompasses all of remaining decidua

A

decidua parietalis/vera

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31
Q

arise from implanting conceptus

A

trophoblasts

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32
Q

Placental functions for fetus

A

nutritional
respiratory
excretory
metabolic

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33
Q

The placenta weight about ___ to ____ grams at term

A

480-600

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34
Q

fused layer of amnion and chorion (chorionic plate)

A

fetal side of placenta

35
Q

20 functional lobes or cotyledons; composed of maternal sinusoids and chorionic villous structures

A

maternal side of placenta

36
Q

The placenta is relatively _____.

A

homogeneous

37
Q

cord insertion into central portion of placenta

A

normal

38
Q

Cord insertion eccentrically near margins

A

Battledore placenta

39
Q

Cord insertion below edge of placenta

A

velamentous insertion

40
Q

Placental thickness greater than ____ prior to 24 weeks is considered abnormal

A

4 cm

41
Q

pumped through spiral arteries within decidua basalis, enters intervillous spaces surrounding and bathing villi, gases and nutrients exchange across walls of villi

A

maternal blood

42
Q

carried to placenta by umbilical arteries, circulates through capillaries in chorionic villi within placental lobes, resulting in oxygenated blood within venous capillaries

A

deoxygenated fetal blood

43
Q

_____ Doppler should only be used when study clinically indicates.

A

Pulsed-wave

44
Q

The normal cervical length is between __ and __ cm

A

3
5

45
Q

Sonographer should see placenta transabdominally by ____ weeks.

A

8-10

46
Q

Chorionic plate can be seen transabdominally approximately ___ weeks

A

12

47
Q

Umbilical artery waveform

A

low-resistance high diastolic

48
Q

Intraplacental texture early pregnancy

A

echogenic focal thickening of wall of gestational sac

49
Q

intraplacental texture end of first trimester

A

fine, granular homogeneous texture

50
Q

intraplacental texture second and third trimesters

A

intraplacental and subchorionic vascular spaces may be seen

51
Q

intraplacental texture late third trimester

A

cystic areas located centrally within clearly delineated lobes; nonvascular areas represent necrosis

52
Q

composed of decidua basalis and portions of myometrium

A

Retroplacental complex

53
Q

The retroplacental complex can be identified as early as __ weeks

A

14

54
Q

Factors that affect placental grading

A

smoking
low maternal age
parity
season of the year

55
Q

When imaging the placenta, cord, or cervix, use an angle of incidence as close to ___ degrees as possible to ensure optimal image detail and measurements

A

90

56
Q

Nutrient exchange between the fetus and the mother occurs within the ____ of the placenta.

A

villi

57
Q

The retroplacental complex is _____.

A

hypoechoic

58
Q

A centrally located cord insertion into the placental is considered ____

A

normal

59
Q

The placenta is responsible for all but:
a. hormonal functions
b. nutritive functions
c. respiratory functions
d. excretory functions

A

a

60
Q

Vascular resistance changes in the umbilical cord can be caused by all except:
a. umbilical cord compression
b. maternal hypotension
c. placental tumor
d. maternal diabetes

A

b

61
Q

The umbilical cord originates from fusion of the yolk sac stalk and the omphalomesenteric duct at approximately:

A

7 weeks gestation

62
Q

The maternal side of the placenta:
a. is homogeneous
b. is made of approximately 20 cotyledons
c. is bordered by amnion
d. attaches to the chorionic plate

A

b

63
Q

The umbilical cord consists of:

A

two arteries, a vein, and Wharton jelly

64
Q

The normal at term umbilical cord length is approximately:

A

52-61 cm

65
Q

The normal term placenta weighs between:

A

480-600 grams

66
Q

A normal placental thickness at 24 weeks gestation is less than:

A

4 cm

67
Q

Placental calcifcation may be caused by all except:
a. lung maturity
b. maternal smoking
c. parity
d. season of the year

A

a

68
Q

A normal mean circumference of the term umbilical cord is:

A

3.8 cm

69
Q

More than ____ of placentas show macroscopic calcification after ____ weeks.

A

50%
33

70
Q

_______ carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta. The ____ returns blood back to the fetus from the placenta.

A

Umbilical arteries
umbilical vein

71
Q

The umbilical _____ are longer than the _____ and wind around it.

A

arteries
vein

72
Q

The use of ______ should make visualization of the umbilical cord insertion into the placenta easily identifiable.

A

Color Doppler

73
Q

An eccentric cord insertion (near the margin) to the placenta is called _______.

A

battledore placenta

74
Q

Maternal disease can affect the size, vascularization, and _____ of the placenta.

A

function

75
Q

The vascular channels within the placenta are part of a ___-impedance system.

A

low

76
Q

A _____ MHz transducer is adequate for most routine imaging of the placenta

A

3-3.5

77
Q

A(n) _______ bladder can cause a false positive appearance of placenta previa.

A

overdistended

78
Q

When scanning the placenta, the beam should be _______ to the chorionic plate, especially when measuring thickness.

A

perpendicular

79
Q

An accessory placental lobe is also known as a _____ lobe.

A

succenturiate

80
Q

Placental texture changes from an _____ focal thickening of the wall of the gestational sac early in pregnancy to the fine, granular, ______ texture seen from the end of the first trimester.

A

echogenic
homogeneous

81
Q

The umbilical artery has a ___-resistance, ____ diastolic blood flow characteristic in the normal placenta.

A

low
high

82
Q

A late third trimester placenta may exhibit cystic areas located centrally within clearly delineated lobes which may represent areas of _____.

A

necrosis

83
Q

The nutrient exchange between the fetus and the mother occurs within the ______ in the placenta.

A

intervillous sinue

84
Q
A

OB 1 (16 decks)

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