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Masterbooks Introduction to Logic > Chapter 37 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 37 Review Flashcards

1
Q

The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

A

Law of the Excluded Middle

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2
Q

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

A

apparant

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3
Q

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

A

deductive argument

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4
Q

A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true

A

belief

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5
Q

Comforming to the mind of God

A

true

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6
Q

To go beyond

A

transcend

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7
Q

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

A

premise

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8
Q

A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others

A

argument

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9
Q

To provide reasons for proposition.

A

justify

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10
Q

the definition of a word found in a dictionary

A

lexical definition

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11
Q

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.

A

contradiction

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12
Q

Applicable everywhere.

A

universal

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13
Q

An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

A

cogent

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14
Q

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

A

inductive argument

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15
Q

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.

A

persuasive definition

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16
Q

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

A

stoicism

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17
Q

not changing over time

A

invariant

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18
Q

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

A

pragmatic

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19
Q

A good argument has true ___, and the conclusion follows from them.

A

premises

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20
Q

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

A

prerequisites

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21
Q

The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

A

Law of Non-contradiction

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22
Q

The disclosure of information from God to man

A

revelation (divine)

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23
Q

independent of the person; something that is the same for all people

A

objective

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24
Q

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

A

monotheistic

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25
Q

In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical

A

rational

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26
Q

___ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).

A

Faith

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27
Q

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

A

rhetoric

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28
Q

Disobedience to God

A

sin

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29
Q

having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority

A

sovereign

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30
Q

To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

A

extrapolate

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31
Q

“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”

A

Law of Identity

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32
Q

A common error in reasoning.

A

fallacy

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33
Q

The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God’s image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to ___.

A

reason

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34
Q

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea

A

conceptual

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35
Q

To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

A

emulate

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36
Q

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

A

polytheistic

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37
Q

Contrary to the mind of God

A

false

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38
Q

The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true

A

persuasive

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39
Q

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

A

referent

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40
Q

The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

A

special revelation

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41
Q

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways

A

ambiguilty

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42
Q

In accordance with our feelings or expectations

A

intuitive

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43
Q

to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason

A

arbitrary

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44
Q

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

A

faith

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45
Q

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.

A

stipulative definition

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46
Q

true, justified belief

A

knowledge

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47
Q

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

A

precising definition

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48
Q

Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification

A

absolute

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49
Q

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position

A

biased

50
Q

Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

A

qualitatively

51
Q

God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His ___. (Ephesians 5:1)

A

character

52
Q

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

A

quantitatively

53
Q

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.

A

linguistic token

54
Q

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

A

abstract

55
Q

At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together

A

inconsistent

56
Q

Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

A

inferences

57
Q

___ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks

A

Logic

58
Q

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else

A

implications

59
Q

Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

A

speculation

60
Q

Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.

A

rational

61
Q

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

A

subjective

62
Q

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove

A

conclusion

63
Q

A truth claim, may be true or false

A

proposition

64
Q

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

A

omni-present

65
Q

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

A

theoretical definition

66
Q

universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning

A

laws of logic

67
Q

That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

A

self-refuting

68
Q

The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.

A

negation

69
Q

To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.

A

illogical

70
Q

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

A

formal logic

71
Q

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

A

informal logic

72
Q

An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion

A

sound

73
Q

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”

A

syllogism

74
Q

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

A

valid

75
Q

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

A

fallacy

76
Q

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

A

fallacy

77
Q

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion

A

enthymeme

78
Q

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.

A

fallacy of ambiguity

79
Q

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.

A

fallacy of presumption

80
Q

A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.

A

fallacy of relevance

81
Q

Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument

A

equivocation

82
Q

Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.

A

reification

83
Q

Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase

A

fallacy of accent

84
Q

The use of “all” that means “all together” or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive

A

collective

85
Q

Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group

A

fallacy of composition

86
Q

Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals

A

fallacy of division

87
Q

The use of “all” that means “each and every one” taken separately - in contrast to collective

A

distributive

88
Q

Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.

A

hasty generalization

89
Q

Applying a generalization to an exception.

A

sweeping generalization

90
Q

The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship

A

false cause fallacy

91
Q

“After this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event. A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.

A

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy

92
Q

“With this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the bases that the two events occur together.

A

Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

93
Q

Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.

A

Begging the question

94
Q

An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.

A

virtuous circle

95
Q

A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.

A

vicious circle

96
Q

Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.

A

hypothetical

97
Q

Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.

A

question - begging epithet

98
Q

Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.

A

complex question

99
Q

Claiming there are only two mutually exclusive possibilities, when there is a third option (or more).

A

fallacy of bifurcation

100
Q

The error of defining a term in a biased way that would not be found in a dictionary in order to protect a claim from evidence to the contrary.

A

the no true scotsman fallacy

101
Q

The error (arbitrarily) using a double standard, especially when the arguer exempts himself from a standard he applies to others.

A

special pleading

102
Q

The error of drawing erroneous inferences from an analogy that is not similar in relevant ways to the topic under discussion.

A

false analogy

103
Q

arguing that a given action will set off a chain reaction leading to a particular result, when in reality other factors are likely to prevent that result.

A

slippery slope fallacy

104
Q

An informal argument is weak if the conclusion is not likely to be true.

A

weak

105
Q

Directing an argument against the person making the claim rather than the claim itself.

A

ad hominem

106
Q

Arguing that a person’s argument is wrong by attacking the character of the person.

A

abusive ad hominem

107
Q

Arguing that.a person’s argument is wrong because of the person’s circumstances, biases, or motivations.

A

circumstantial ad hominem

108
Q

Claiming that a proposition or an argument must be correct because a fallible person believes it. Often the appeal is to an expert but outside of his area of expertise, or to an expert who disagrees with other experts in the same field.

A

faulty to appeal to authority

109
Q

Arguing that something must be true because a majority believes it. This is a specific type of the faulty appeal to authority.

A

appeal to the majority

110
Q

Misrepresenting an opponent’s position and proceeding to refute the misrepresentation rather than what the opponent actually claims.

A

the strawman fallacy

111
Q

Arguing for a position on the basis that negative consequences will follow if a person does not accept the position.

A

appeal to force/fear

112
Q

Fallacy of attempting to persuade people by stirring powerful emotions rather than making a logical case.

A

appeal to emotion

113
Q

Persuading people to accept a position by generating sympathy for those who hold the position.

A

appeal to pity

114
Q

Fallacy of appealing to the unknown; specifically when a person argues that a claim is probably true simply because it has never been proven false.

A

appeal to ignorance

115
Q

A guess; an inference formed without proof or with insufficient evidence.

A

conjecture

116
Q

Arguing that since something is a particular way, it is morally acceptable for it to be that way.

A

Naturalistic fallacy

117
Q

Asserting that because something should morally) be a particular way, it is that particular way.

A

moralistic fallacy

118
Q

Arguing that something must be true because it is desirable or that something must be false because it is undesirable.

A

appeal to consequence

119
Q

The error of criticizing or dismissing an argument due to its source.

A

genetic fallacy

120
Q

Attempting to refute an argument by pointing out that the person making the argument is not behaving consistently with the conclusion of the argument.

A

the quoque fallacy

121
Q

The fallacy of dismissing an argument because the conclusion is inconsistent with the behavior of the person making the argument. The tu quoque fallacy.

A

appeal to hypocrisy

122
Q

Proving a point, but not the point at issue.

A

fallacy of irrelevant thesis

Masterbooks Introduction to Logic (76 decks)

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