Chapter 14 Review Flashcards
The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.
Law of the Excluded Middle
To provide reasons for proposition.
justify
God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His ___. (Ephesians 5:1)
character
The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.
informal logic
A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.
fallacy
having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority
sovereign
Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position
biased
A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.
premise
That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.
self-refuting
Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.
inferences
The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).
rhetoric
Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.
faith
A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.
stipulative definition
A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others
argument
A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true
belief
An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.
cogent
The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways
ambiguilty
The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”
Law of Non-contradiction
An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion
enthymeme
The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.
contradiction
to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason
arbitrary
Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.
abstract
“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”
Law of Identity
A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.
persuasive definition
Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.
speculation
The disclosure of information from God to man
revelation (divine)
A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”
syllogism
A truth claim, may be true or false
proposition
Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification
absolute
An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.
deductive argument
To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.
emulate
Disobedience to God
sin
The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.
negation
To go beyond
transcend
not changing over time
invariant
A common error in reasoning.
fallacy
independent of the person; something that is the same for all people
objective
Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.
prerequisites
Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea
conceptual
The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.
referent
An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion
sound
The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God’s image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to ___.
reason
___ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).
Faith
Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.
pragmatic
A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.
stoicism
Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.
omni-present
Applicable everywhere.
universal
To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.
illogical
Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.
subjective
Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.
quantitatively
Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.
rational
An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.
inductive argument
That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else
implications
true, justified belief
knowledge
Comforming to the mind of God
true
A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.
linguistic token
The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove
conclusion
The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true
persuasive
To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.
extrapolate
The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.
formal logic
___ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks
Logic
universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning
laws of logic
Contrary to the mind of God
false
At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together
inconsistent
A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.
theoretical definition
A good argument has true ___, and the conclusion follows from them.
premises
In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical
rational
In accordance with our feelings or expectations
intuitive
The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.
special revelation
the definition of a word found in a dictionary
lexical definition
An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.
valid
A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.
fallacy
Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.
monotheistic
Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.
polytheistic
Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.
qualitatively
The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.
precising definition
Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.
apparant
