Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Masterbooks Introduction to Logic > Chapter 32 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 32 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Arguing that.a person’s argument is wrong because of the person’s circumstances, biases, or motivations.

A

circumstantial ad hominem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

A

fallacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument

A

equivocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

A

prerequisites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

A

formal logic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

A

speculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Directing an argument against the person making the claim rather than the claim itself.

A

ad hominem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

A

rhetoric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason

A

arbitrary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others

A

argument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.

A

virtuous circle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

An informal argument is weak if the conclusion is not likely to be true.

A

weak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Arguing that something must be true because a majority believes it. This is a specific type of the faulty appeal to authority.

A

appeal to the majority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Disobedience to God

A

sin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

A

inductive argument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.

A

complex question

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove

A

conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship

A

false cause fallacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In accordance with our feelings or expectations

A

intuitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.

A

reification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A truth claim, may be true or false

A

proposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the definition of a word found in a dictionary

A

lexical definition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Applicable everywhere.

A

universal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.

A

fallacy of relevance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group

A

fallacy of composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.

A

rational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways

A

ambiguilty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.

A

persuasive definition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The error of defining a term in a biased way that would not be found in a dictionary in order to protect a claim from evidence to the contrary.

A

the no true scotsman fallacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Arguing that a person’s argument is wrong by attacking the character of the person.

A

abusive ad hominem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The disclosure of information from God to man

A

revelation (divine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

A

faith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

A common error in reasoning.

A

fallacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

A

cogent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.

A

linguistic token

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

A

Law of the Excluded Middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else

A

implications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion

A

enthymeme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

true, justified belief

A

knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

A

emulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

A

pragmatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Comforming to the mind of God

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

___ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).

A

Faith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

A

subjective

45
Q

A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.

A

vicious circle

46
Q

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position

A

biased

47
Q

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

A

omni-present

48
Q

Applying a generalization to an exception.

A

sweeping generalization

49
Q

not changing over time

A

invariant

50
Q

A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true

A

belief

51
Q

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

A

valid

52
Q

having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority

A

sovereign

53
Q

Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

A

qualitatively

54
Q

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

A

referent

55
Q

Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.

A

question - begging epithet

56
Q

“With this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the bases that the two events occur together.

A

Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

57
Q

To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

A

extrapolate

58
Q

A good argument has true ___, and the conclusion follows from them.

A

premises

59
Q

universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning

A

laws of logic

60
Q

Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.

A

hypothetical

61
Q

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

A

apparant

62
Q

The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

A

Law of Non-contradiction

63
Q

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.

A

stipulative definition

64
Q

Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.

A

hasty generalization

65
Q

To go beyond

A

transcend

66
Q

independent of the person; something that is the same for all people

A

objective

67
Q

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

A

polytheistic

68
Q

arguing that a given action will set off a chain reaction leading to a particular result, when in reality other factors are likely to prevent that result.

A

slippery slope fallacy

69
Q

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

A

precising definition

70
Q

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

A

premise

71
Q

Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase

A

fallacy of accent

72
Q

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

A

stoicism

73
Q

Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification

A

absolute

74
Q

___ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks

A

Logic

75
Q

The use of “all” that means “all together” or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive

A

collective

76
Q

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

A

theoretical definition

77
Q

The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

A

special revelation

78
Q

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea

A

conceptual

79
Q

Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

A

inferences

80
Q

Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.

A

Begging the question

81
Q

The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.

A

negation

82
Q

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

A

quantitatively

83
Q

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.

A

contradiction

84
Q

God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His ___. (Ephesians 5:1)

A

character

85
Q

Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals

A

fallacy of division

86
Q

In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical

A

rational

87
Q

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”

A

syllogism

88
Q

That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

A

self-refuting

89
Q

Claiming that a proposition or an argument must be correct because a fallible person believes it. Often the appeal is to an expert but outside of his area of expertise, or to an expert who disagrees with other experts in the same field.

A

faulty to appeal to authority

90
Q

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.

A

fallacy of ambiguity

91
Q

An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion

A

sound

92
Q

To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.

A

illogical

93
Q

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

A

monotheistic

94
Q

Claiming there are only two mutually exclusive possibilities, when there is a third option (or more).

A

fallacy of bifurcation

95
Q

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.

A

fallacy of presumption

96
Q

“After this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event. A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.

A

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy

97
Q

At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together

A

inconsistent

98
Q

The error of drawing erroneous inferences from an analogy that is not similar in relevant ways to the topic under discussion.

A

false analogy

99
Q

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

A

abstract

100
Q

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

A

deductive argument

101
Q

“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”

A

Law of Identity

102
Q

Contrary to the mind of God

A

false

103
Q

To provide reasons for proposition.

A

justify

104
Q

The error (arbitrarily) using a double standard, especially when the arguer exempts himself from a standard he applies to others.

A

special pleading

105
Q

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

A

fallacy

106
Q

The use of “all” that means “each and every one” taken separately - in contrast to collective

A

distributive

107
Q

The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God’s image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to ___.

A

reason

108
Q

The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true

A

persuasive

109
Q

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

A

informal logic

Masterbooks Introduction to Logic (76 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions