Chapter 25 Review Flashcards
A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.
persuasive definition
The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.
formal logic
The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways
ambiguilty
A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.
stoicism
Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.
hypothetical
A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.
premise
A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others
argument
“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”
Law of Identity
Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.
Begging the question
The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true
persuasive
The use of “all” that means “all together” or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive
collective
To provide reasons for proposition.
justify
Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.
speculation
That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.
self-refuting
A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.
fallacy of ambiguity
An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.
virtuous circle
Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.
omni-present
not changing over time
invariant
The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God’s image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to ___.
reason
The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”
Law of Non-contradiction
Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.
complex question
An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.
inductive argument
Applying a generalization to an exception.
sweeping generalization
The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove
conclusion
An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion
enthymeme
Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.
qualitatively
“After this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event. A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy
A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.
vicious circle
An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.
deductive argument
Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.
prerequisites
Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.
rational
To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.
extrapolate
___ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks
Logic
An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.
valid
Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.
apparant
That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else
implications
the definition of a word found in a dictionary
lexical definition
The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship
false cause fallacy
The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.
precising definition
A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.
theoretical definition
The disclosure of information from God to man
revelation (divine)
The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.
special revelation
Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group
fallacy of composition
Comforming to the mind of God
true
A good argument has true ___, and the conclusion follows from them.
premises
independent of the person; something that is the same for all people
objective
The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.
negation
A common error in reasoning.
fallacy
“With this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the bases that the two events occur together.
Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.
referent
___ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).
Faith
Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.
faith
Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.
hasty generalization
In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical
rational
Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.
inferences
A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true
belief
The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).
rhetoric
Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.
question - begging epithet
to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason
arbitrary
Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.
subjective
To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.
emulate
In accordance with our feelings or expectations
intuitive
Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea
conceptual
Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase
fallacy of accent
To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.
illogical
A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.
fallacy of presumption
A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”
syllogism
Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.
polytheistic
Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.
reification
A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.
fallacy
Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.
abstract
Contrary to the mind of God
false
universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning
laws of logic
An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.
cogent
At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together
inconsistent
Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification
absolute
true, justified belief
knowledge
Applicable everywhere.
universal
Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.
monotheistic
A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.
stipulative definition
The use of “all” that means “each and every one” taken separately - in contrast to collective
distributive
Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.
quantitatively
Disobedience to God
sin
A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.
fallacy of relevance
To go beyond
transcend
An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion
sound
A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.
fallacy
Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals
fallacy of division
Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.
pragmatic
having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority
sovereign
The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.
Law of the Excluded Middle
A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.
linguistic token
God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His ___. (Ephesians 5:1)
character
Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position
biased
A truth claim, may be true or false
proposition
The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.
contradiction
The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.
informal logic
Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument
equivocation
