Chapter 27 New

Question 1

Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.

Answer 1

Begging the question

Question 2

An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.

Answer 2

virtuous circle

Question 3

A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.

Answer 3

vicious circle

Question 4

Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.

Answer 4

hypothetical

Question 5

Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.

Answer 5

question - begging epithet

Question 6

Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.

Answer 6

complex question

Question 7

Claiming there are only two mutually exclusive possibilities, when there is a third option (or more).

Answer 7

fallacy of bifurcation

Question 8

The error of defining a term in a biased way that would not be found in a dictionary in order to protect a claim from evidence to the contrary.

Answer 8

the no true scotsman fallacy

Question 9

The error (arbitrarily) using a double standard, especially when the arguer exempts himself from a standard he applies to others.

Answer 9

special pleading