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Masterbooks Introduction to Logic > Chapter 31 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 31 Review Flashcards

1
Q

An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

A

cogent

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2
Q

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways

A

ambiguilty

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3
Q

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove

A

conclusion

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4
Q

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion

A

enthymeme

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5
Q

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.

A

stipulative definition

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6
Q

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

A

quantitatively

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7
Q

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

A

stoicism

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8
Q

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

A

apparant

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9
Q

having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority

A

sovereign

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10
Q

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.

A

contradiction

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11
Q

arguing that a given action will set off a chain reaction leading to a particular result, when in reality other factors are likely to prevent that result.

A

slippery slope fallacy

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12
Q

Applicable everywhere.

A

universal

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13
Q

Contrary to the mind of God

A

false

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14
Q

Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification

A

absolute

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15
Q

“After this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event. A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.

A

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy

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16
Q

To provide reasons for proposition.

A

justify

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17
Q

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position

A

biased

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18
Q

In accordance with our feelings or expectations

A

intuitive

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19
Q

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

A

omni-present

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20
Q

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

A

fallacy

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21
Q

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea

A

conceptual

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22
Q

“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”

A

Law of Identity

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23
Q

true, justified belief

A

knowledge

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24
Q

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else

A

implications

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25
Q

Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals

A

fallacy of division

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26
Q

To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

A

extrapolate

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27
Q

An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.

A

virtuous circle

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28
Q

Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

A

inferences

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29
Q

An informal argument is weak if the conclusion is not likely to be true.

A

weak

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30
Q

independent of the person; something that is the same for all people

A

objective

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31
Q

The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

A

Law of Non-contradiction

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32
Q

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

A

referent

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33
Q

In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical

A

rational

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34
Q

Comforming to the mind of God

A

true

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35
Q

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

A

precising definition

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36
Q

Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.

A

rational

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37
Q

That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

A

self-refuting

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38
Q

A common error in reasoning.

A

fallacy

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39
Q

To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

A

emulate

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40
Q

Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.

A

question - begging epithet

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41
Q

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

A

informal logic

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42
Q

The error (arbitrarily) using a double standard, especially when the arguer exempts himself from a standard he applies to others.

A

special pleading

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43
Q

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

A

fallacy

44
Q

universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning

A

laws of logic

45
Q

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

A

prerequisites

46
Q

The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

A

Law of the Excluded Middle

47
Q

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

A

premise

48
Q

___ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).

A

Faith

49
Q

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.

A

persuasive definition

50
Q

A good argument has true ___, and the conclusion follows from them.

A

premises

51
Q

Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.

A

Begging the question

52
Q

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

A

valid

53
Q

___ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks

A

Logic

54
Q

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.

A

fallacy of ambiguity

55
Q

Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

A

speculation

56
Q

Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.

A

complex question

57
Q

Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

A

qualitatively

58
Q

Disobedience to God

A

sin

59
Q

The error of defining a term in a biased way that would not be found in a dictionary in order to protect a claim from evidence to the contrary.

A

the no true scotsman fallacy

60
Q

An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion

A

sound

61
Q

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.

A

linguistic token

62
Q

not changing over time

A

invariant

63
Q

The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God’s image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to ___.

A

reason

64
Q

The disclosure of information from God to man

A

revelation (divine)

65
Q

the definition of a word found in a dictionary

A

lexical definition

66
Q

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

A

rhetoric

67
Q

Directing an argument against the person making the claim rather than the claim itself.

A

ad hominem

68
Q

The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

A

special revelation

69
Q

A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.

A

vicious circle

70
Q

Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase

A

fallacy of accent

71
Q

Claiming there are only two mutually exclusive possibilities, when there is a third option (or more).

A

fallacy of bifurcation

72
Q

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

A

subjective

73
Q

The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship

A

false cause fallacy

74
Q

A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true

A

belief

75
Q

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

A

faith

76
Q

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

A

abstract

77
Q

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”

A

syllogism

78
Q

The use of “all” that means “all together” or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive

A

collective

79
Q

To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.

A

illogical

80
Q

The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.

A

negation

81
Q

God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His ___. (Ephesians 5:1)

A

character

82
Q

“With this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the bases that the two events occur together.

A

Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

83
Q

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

A

theoretical definition

84
Q

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

A

polytheistic

85
Q

Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.

A

hypothetical

86
Q

To go beyond

A

transcend

87
Q

A truth claim, may be true or false

A

proposition

88
Q

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

A

formal logic

89
Q

Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.

A

reification

90
Q

Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group

A

fallacy of composition

91
Q

Arguing that.a person’s argument is wrong because of the person’s circumstances, biases, or motivations.

A

circumstantial ad hominem

92
Q

The error of drawing erroneous inferences from an analogy that is not similar in relevant ways to the topic under discussion.

A

false analogy

93
Q

Applying a generalization to an exception.

A

sweeping generalization

94
Q

Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.

A

hasty generalization

95
Q

At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together

A

inconsistent

96
Q

Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument

A

equivocation

97
Q

to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason

A

arbitrary

98
Q

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

A

inductive argument

99
Q

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.

A

fallacy of presumption

100
Q

The use of “all” that means “each and every one” taken separately - in contrast to collective

A

distributive

101
Q

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

A

deductive argument

102
Q

A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.

A

fallacy of relevance

103
Q

The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true

A

persuasive

104
Q

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

A

pragmatic

105
Q

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

A

monotheistic

106
Q

A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others

A

argument

107
Q

Arguing that a person’s argument is wrong by attacking the character of the person.

A

abusive ad hominem

Masterbooks Introduction to Logic (76 decks)

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