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Masterbooks Introduction to Logic > Chapter 34 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 34 Review Flashcards

1
Q

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

A

deductive argument

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2
Q

An argument that is valid and also has true premises; always has a tru conclusion

A

sound

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3
Q

To copy or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

A

emulate

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4
Q

An informal argument is cogent if the conclusion is likely to be true.

A

cogent

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5
Q

universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning

A

laws of logic

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6
Q

An argument that has some degree of unavoidable circularity due to the essential nature of the claim, and yet is self-consistent and non-arbitrary.

A

virtuous circle

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7
Q

Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification

A

absolute

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8
Q

A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true

A

belief

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9
Q

The opposite proposition is formed by adding “it is not the case that” to the original proposition. It always has the opposite truth value of a given proposition.

A

negation

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10
Q

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

A

theoretical definition

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11
Q

The use of “all” that means “each and every one” taken separately - in contrast to collective

A

distributive

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12
Q

Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

A

inferences

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13
Q

The error (arbitrarily) using a double standard, especially when the arguer exempts himself from a standard he applies to others.

A

special pleading

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14
Q

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

A

omni-present

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15
Q

To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

A

extrapolate

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16
Q

The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

A

special revelation

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17
Q

A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others

A

argument

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18
Q

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

A

fallacy

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19
Q

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position

A

biased

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20
Q

“With this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event A caused event B solely on the bases that the two events occur together.

A

Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

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21
Q

To provide reasons for proposition.

A

justify

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22
Q

Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument

A

equivocation

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23
Q

Fallacy of attempting to persuade people by stirring powerful emotions rather than making a logical case.

A

appeal to emotion

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24
Q

The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

A

Law of Non-contradiction

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25
Q

The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person. An argument is one in which most people will accept the conclusion as true

A

persuasive

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26
Q

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

A

precising definition

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27
Q

Something that is based on speculation or conjecture for the sake of discussion or argument.

A

hypothetical

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28
Q

not changing over time

A

invariant

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29
Q

At variance or not compatible; two things that do not go well together

A

inconsistent

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30
Q

Disobedience to God

A

sin

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31
Q

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

A

referent

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32
Q

The Bible reveals that human beings are made in God’s image, and therefore reflect some of His attributes, including the ability to ___.

A

reason

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33
Q

“A thing is itself” or “if A then A.”

A

Law of Identity

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34
Q

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea

A

conceptual

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35
Q

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

A

subjective

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36
Q

Misrepresenting an opponent’s position and proceeding to refute the misrepresentation rather than what the opponent actually claims.

A

the strawman fallacy

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37
Q

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove

A

conclusion

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38
Q

Applying a generalization to an exception.

A

sweeping generalization

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39
Q

___ is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the way God thinks

A

Logic

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40
Q

Contrary to the mind of God

A

false

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41
Q

A common error in reasoning.

A

fallacy

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42
Q

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

A

polytheistic

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43
Q

A good argument has true ___, and the conclusion follows from them.

A

premises

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44
Q

to not have a specific reason for a belief or action; not having a reason

A

arbitrary

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45
Q

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

A

informal logic

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46
Q

Claiming that a proposition or an argument must be correct because a fallible person believes it. Often the appeal is to an expert but outside of his area of expertise, or to an expert who disagrees with other experts in the same field.

A

faulty to appeal to authority

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47
Q

Applicable everywhere.

A

universal

48
Q

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

A

premise

49
Q

independent of the person; something that is the same for all people

A

objective

50
Q

Arguing that a person’s argument is wrong by attacking the character of the person.

A

abusive ad hominem

51
Q

Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

A

speculation

52
Q

the definition of a word found in a dictionary

A

lexical definition

53
Q

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

A

apparant

54
Q

Drawing a generalization from too few specific examples.

A

hasty generalization

55
Q

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established one.

A

stipulative definition

56
Q

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation. “A and not-A” is a contradiction.

A

contradiction

57
Q

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else

A

implications

58
Q

Attempting to persuade by asking a loaded question.

A

complex question

59
Q

The error of defining a term in a biased way that would not be found in a dictionary in order to protect a claim from evidence to the contrary.

A

the no true scotsman fallacy

60
Q

The error of drawing erroneous inferences from an analogy that is not similar in relevant ways to the topic under discussion.

A

false analogy

61
Q

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion that uses words like “all, some, no, not.”

A

syllogism

62
Q

A way of reasoning that arbitrarily assumes what the person is attempting to prove. They commit the fallacy of begging the question.

A

vicious circle

63
Q

Comforming to the mind of God

A

true

64
Q

The error of attributing a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that do not actually have such a relationship

A

false cause fallacy

65
Q

Changing the meaning of proposition by placing undue emphasis on a word or phrase

A

fallacy of accent

66
Q

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

A

stoicism

67
Q

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else.

A

linguistic token

68
Q

God always thinks correctly, and the Bible commands us to think like Him (Isaiah 55:7-8) and emulate His ___. (Ephesians 5:1)

A

character

69
Q

A logical ___ is a common error in reasoning.

A

fallacy

70
Q

true, justified belief

A

knowledge

71
Q

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

A

valid

72
Q

In accordance with our feelings or expectations

A

intuitive

73
Q

To be ___ is to reason incorrectly. But god, by His nature always reasons correctly.

A

illogical

74
Q

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.

A

fallacy of ambiguity

75
Q

To go beyond

A

transcend

76
Q

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

A

abstract

77
Q

A guess; an inference formed without proof or with insufficient evidence.

A

conjecture

78
Q

Persuading people to accept a position by generating sympathy for those who hold the position.

A

appeal to pity

79
Q

In accordance with the laws of Logic: logical

A

rational

80
Q

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways

A

ambiguilty

81
Q

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.

A

fallacy of presumption

82
Q

arguing that a given action will set off a chain reaction leading to a particular result, when in reality other factors are likely to prevent that result.

A

slippery slope fallacy

83
Q

The compound proposition “A or not-A” is always true. Or, “Either A is true or not-A is true.” A proposition always has the opposite truth value of its negation.

A

Law of the Excluded Middle

84
Q

An informal argument is weak if the conclusion is not likely to be true.

A

weak

85
Q

That which shows itself to be wrong. A self-refuting argument is one in which the conclusion is inconsistent with one or more of the premises.

A

self-refuting

86
Q

Arbitrarily assuming what one is attempting to prove as part of the proof.

A

Begging the question

87
Q

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

A

quantitatively

88
Q

Directing an argument against the person making the claim rather than the claim itself.

A

ad hominem

89
Q

A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of argument is not strongly relevant to the premises.

A

fallacy of relevance

90
Q

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade someone.

A

persuasive definition

91
Q

Falsely assuming that what is true of the parts/individuals must also be true of the whole/group

A

fallacy of composition

92
Q

A truth claim, may be true or false

A

proposition

93
Q

The disclosure of information from God to man

A

revelation (divine)

94
Q

Using biased (often emotional) language to persuade people rather than using logic.

A

question - begging epithet

95
Q

Fallacy of appealing to the unknown; specifically when a person argues that a claim is probably true simply because it has never been proven false.

A

appeal to ignorance

96
Q

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

A

monotheistic

97
Q

Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

A

qualitatively

98
Q

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

A

inductive argument

99
Q

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

A

pragmatic

100
Q

The use of “all” that means “all together” or taken as a whole - in contrast to distributive

A

collective

101
Q

Falsely assuming that what is true of the whole/group must also be true of the parts/individuals

A

fallacy of division

102
Q

having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority

A

sovereign

103
Q

___ is having confidence (or proof, or good reasons) for what you have not experienced with your senses. It is a confident expectation in that which is unseen (Hebrews 11:1).

A

Faith

104
Q

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

A

faith

105
Q

Arguing that something must be true because a majority believes it. This is a specific type of the faulty appeal to authority.

A

appeal to the majority

106
Q

Attributing a concrete characteristic to something abstract.

A

reification

107
Q

“After this, therefore because of this.” The (false cause) fallacy of assuming that event. A caused event B solely on the basis that B came after A.

A

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy

108
Q

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

A

formal logic

109
Q

Arguing that.a person’s argument is wrong because of the person’s circumstances, biases, or motivations.

A

circumstantial ad hominem

110
Q

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

A

rhetoric

111
Q

Arguing for a position on the basis that negative consequences will follow if a person does not accept the position.

A

appeal to force/fear

112
Q

Claiming there are only two mutually exclusive possibilities, when there is a third option (or more).

A

fallacy of bifurcation

113
Q

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

A

prerequisites

114
Q

Unbelievers too are made in the image of God, and hence have the capacity for ___ reasoning, God has given them knowledge as well.

A

rational

115
Q

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion

A

enthymeme

Masterbooks Introduction to Logic (76 decks)

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