Chapter 37: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory

A

Memory is an active process that stores organises and retrieves information.memory involves encoding storage and retrieval.

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2
Q

What is encoding

A

It refers to the process of forming a memory code. When you form a memory code you remember what things looked like or what they meant.

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3
Q

What are the steps and strategies of encoding

A

Paying attention to and disregarding some info you don’t need decreases the amount of info making it more manageable. Attention is important as you focus on certain stimuli and events and filter out things that are unimportant.

  1. Ebaloration or linking one fact with another which is done by thinking of examples that illustrate an idea
  2. Using visual imagery can help create pictures or visual images of things you want to remember. You can use other forms like semantic code based on word meaning.
  3. Encoding is easier when you can make info personally meaningful. By applying the info to your own experience you likely to better remember it.
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4
Q

What is storage

A

It involves holding or maintaining information in memory store

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5
Q

What is sensory memory

A

Where info is kept in original sensory form for a short period so short that you only recognise an after image. We don’t remember everything from senses but info held long enough for part of it to be selected for longer Storage.

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6
Q

What is short term memory

A

Is a temporary store for small amounts of info which is encoded as sounds or images which is kept for approx 20s

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7
Q

What is rehearsal

A

It is repeatedly verbalising or thinking about the info and helps us remember and keep info in memory

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8
Q

What is the conditions of ST memory

A

The capacity for ST is limited and the golden rule stated we can process 7+-2 bits of info effectively which is between 5&9 bits of info. ST memory can be increased by breaking down large chucks of info into smaller chunks.

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9
Q

What is working memory and it’s components

A

Working memory helps us cope with new situations and to solve problems by allowing us to draw on and work with all kinds of info from memory. It’s components are

A phonological loop: allows access to verbal info or sounds.

A visuospatial sketchpad: allows manipulation of visual images

Executive control system: controls monitors and regulates the info needed for reasoning and problem solving.

Long term knowledge store: ability to access LT memory to use in problem solving.

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10
Q

What is long term memory

A

Is the store where info is held for long periods of time where the storage capacity is unlimited. We select info to store I’m LT memory on basis of its meaning and importance of that info.

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11
Q

What is declarative memory and it’s 2 types

A

Declarative memory system refers to the store of explicit factual info like names places facts and events. We consciously think about facts in declarative memory which is also called explicit memory.

Semantic memory refers to the store of general knowledge as well as meaning of words and relation between words and concepts.

Episodic memory refers to the remembering events and personal experience that are related to specific times.

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12
Q

What is non declarative memory

A

Non declarative memory system deals with action perceptual motor skills conditioned responses and implicit memories. It’s also called procedural or implicit memory. This memory for procedural or perceptual motor skills is mainly unconscious in the sense that we aren’t consciously aware of it.

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13
Q

What is retrieval

A

Describes the process of getting stored info out of memory. It is made easier when we have cues or stimuli that help us access our memories. The top of the tongue phenomenon refers to temporary inability to remember something we are sure we know.

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14
Q

What is one way to aid retrieval

A

Re creating the context of whatever we trying to remember can provide cues to help these are called context cues.

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15
Q

What is forgetting

A

It refers to process of being unable to retrieve the info we have stored in memory which can be due to encoding problems, storage problems and retrieval

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16
Q

What are the 5 causes of forgetting

A

Ineffective coding: thinking we have info but was never coded or effectively coded.

Decay: forgetting things after a time because the physiological mechanisms responsible for memories fade away. Forgetting doesn’t only depend on amount complexity and type of info. The greater the amount and complexity the more likely to forget. Memories that aren’t retrieved become weaker

Interference: competition from other materials interfering with memory process

Retrieval failure: remembering things you couldn’t before due to the situation you are in provides a good cue for what you want to remember.

Motivated forgetting: internal motivation to forget. Memory is another process that helps explain why our experience of world is subjective. Memory can be influenced by how much attention you have given it. The meaning you ascribe it how you link your experience to existing knowledge how search in memory.

17
Q

What are the 10 ways of improving memory

A
  1. Recitation: summarising aloud while you’re learning provides instant feedback but practises retrieval.
  2. Rehearsal: more you rehearse the better you will remember
  3. Selection: selecting key words or important points to provide cues
  4. Organisation: arranging info into smaller manageable chunks
  5. Whole learning: learn overall scheme of what you need to learn rather than concentrating on seperate parts
  6. Serial position: when learning bits of info in sequence pay attention to middle parts
  7. Cues and strategies: try to add cues to what you learn. Use strategies to prompt retrieval
  8. Over learning and review: when acquired info learn it again to make sure it’s encoded.
  9. Spaced practise: alternate study session with rest periods
  10. Sleeping and eating: sleeping after learning helps to consolidate the remembered material