Chapter 2 Cognitive Reasoning Flashcards
Define reasoning
Reasoning is defined as a process of goal orientated thinking that draws conclusions from a set of facts.
When we reason we compare diff bits of info some of which may provide evidence to support our ideas or info that may contradict our ideas.
What does the structure of reasoning consist
A premise which is a statement from which the conclusion is inferred that provides the evidence that supports the conclusion
A conclusion which is the viewpoint you adopt or the claim you make.
What is deductive reasoning
Refers to the process of drawing a conclusion that follows logically from 2 or more premises which is based on the logical rule that if the premise is true then the conclusion is true
What is inductive reasoning
It’s reasoning which uses available evidence to generate a conclusion about the likelihood of something where conclusions are based on premises which don’t guarantee conclusion and only provide some support for the likelihood or probability of conclusions.
Inductive reasoning that makes use of analogical reasoning which are
Inferring patterns of relations between things.
What are the differences between formal and informal reasoning
Formal reasoning the premises are stated explicitly informal premises are implied more than explicit.
Formal reasoning problems not personally relevant while informal reasoning has personal consequences
Personal relevance in formal reasoning leads to weaknesses as we can accept as premise as true without making sure of it’s accuracy or accept it because it agrees with our own personal viewpoint without examining the evidence.
Formal reasoning structure and rules more obvious than informal reasoning
Formal reasoning has one correct solution while informal can have several
What is critical reasoning
It’s to look at all options and various explainations for something and not merely accepting one point of view or the explanation that suits us. it involves gaining greater insight into things to be better informed to be open minded and to make good decisions.
State the steps of critical reasoning
- Identify the problem
- Be open minded
- Remember the difference between language and reality
- Use open ended questions
- Avoid over generalizations
- Be empathetic
- Obtain relevant info
- Use informal knowledge
- Develope collective thinking
What does it mean to be open minded and name to ways to do this.
Being open minded means not accepting a single opinion as being true or relevant.
We do this by avoiding seeing things as extremes
Believing we are right and others wrong which can lead to overlook I other factors but should try find middle ground.
What is the difference between language and reality
Language is a system of symbols and isn’t the same as reality. We use language to describe and represent our reality.
What are open ended questions
They are questions that require more details than a yes or no answer.
What is an over generalization
It is using a conclusion that’s based on insufficient evidence but based on one instance and thus making it a rule
What is empathy and what does it mean to be empathetic
Empathy means to understand fully which is attained when we put ourselves in the other person’s position and try to think what it must be like or what they are feeling.
Empathetic openness allows us to be aware of various people’s positions and to listen to all sides of the story. it helps us understand other and makes you more sensitive to what they are experiencing.
What is meant by informal knowledge
It refers to information and experience that people obtain from practical experience and in everyday life.
What is collective thinking and what are the steps
Collective thinking means thinking in a group where info is combined from various sources.
It should be maintained, summarised and clarified on an ongoing basis. All contributions should be acknowledged. Conflict and disagreement should be recognized without choosing sides and should aim to make compromises to ensure everyone’s co operation.
