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Biology 112 > Chapter 33: PP > Flashcards

Chapter 33: PP Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the common ancestor of all animals?

A

Ancestral protist

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2
Q

For invertebrates, what is the most basal taxon?

A

Porifera (sponges)

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3
Q

List the five major groups of invertebrates:

A

Porifera (sponges)
Cnidaria
-Lophotrochozoa
- Ecdysozoa

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4
Q 
Porifera
Cnidaria
Lophotrochozoa
(\_\_\_\_\_, annelida \_\_\_)
Ecdysozoa
(\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_)
Deuterostomia
(echinoderms and \_\_\_\_)
A

molusca, Platyhelminthes

nematodes
arthropodes

chordates

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5
Q

Protostomes

A

Lophotrochozoa (molusca, annelida platyhelminthes)

Ecdysozoa
nematodes, arthropods

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6
Q

T/F Invertebrates contain all phyla except part of Excavata

A

False. Invertebrates contain all phyla except part of Chordata

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7
Q

T/F Most species are marine or terrestrial

A

False. Most species are marine or aquatic

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8
Q

What is the defining characteristic of invertebrates?

A

They lack a backbone

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9
Q

What percentage of known animal species do invertebrates account for?

a. 10%
b. 97%
c. 95%
d. 86%

A

c. 95%

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10
Q

Invertebrates are

a. morphologically diverse
b. physiologically homogenous
c. morphologically unpredictable

A

Invertebrates are morphologically diverse

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11
Q

basal animals

lack true tissues

A

Phylum Porifera

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12
Q

You find a basal animal that lacks true tissues and is sessile. It feeds in a marine environment, and it reproduces sexually and asexually. What phylum is it in?

A

Phylum Porifera

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13
Q

About 9k species
Basal animals that lack true tissues
Sessile and mostly marine suspension feeders
Hermaphroditic(usually alternate, no self-fertilization)
Can reproduce sexually and asexually
- fragmentation and budding
- gemmules: fresh water

A

Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

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14
Q

You find an animal that is sessile and mostly hermaphroditic. It reproduces asexually through fragmentation and budding, but it can also reproduce sexually. What phylum is it in?

A

Phylum Porifera

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15
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

an organism that has complete or partial reproductive organs and produces gametes normally associated with both male and female sexes

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16
Q

What type of feeders are Phylum Porifera sponges usually?

A

Marine suspension feeders

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17
Q

a tough-coated dormant cluster of embryonic cells produced by a freshwater sponge for development in more favorable conditions.

A

gemmule

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18
Q

In winter, what might be produced by a Phylum Porifera sponge?

A

gemmule (food-laded amoebocyte)

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19
Q

When the covering of a gemmule breaks open, what is revealed?

A

A new sponge (Phylum Porifera)

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20
Q

What does “suspension feeder” mean (Phylum Porifera)?

A

sponges capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body

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21
Q

What is drawn into the cavity called the spongocoel?

What is drawn out through the opening called osculum?

A

Water (spongocoel)

Water (osculum)

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22
Q

T/F All sponges in the Phylum Porifera lack true tissues and organs

A

True

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23
Q

Phylum Porifera: Sponge Parts

Flagellated cells that create current

Flagellum pulls water and food trapped in mucus on collar

Transports nutrients to other cells, makes spicules, becomes sponge cell

Gelatinous matter between walls

Epidermis

Where the water enters the sponge

A cavity where water is drawn into from the pores

A

a. Choanocytes
b. Choanocyte
c. Amoebocyte
d. Mesophyl
e. Pores
f. Spongocoel

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24
Q

Bath sponges compose

a. 90% of all sponges
b. 55 % of all sponges.
c. 87% of all sponges

A

a. 90% of all sponges are bath sponges

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25
Q

Eumetazoa

A 
Cnidaria
Lophotrochozoa (Mollusca, annelida platyhelminthes)
Ecdysozoa
(nematodes, arthropodes)
Deuterostomia
(echinoderms and chordates)
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26
Q

About 10k species (both sessile (jelly) and motile (coral) forms
Simply body plan with two forms (polyp and medusa) and diploblast-radial symmetry
Single central gastrovascular cavity and single opening (mouth/anus)
Predatory: capture using tentacles with cnidocytes

A

Phylum Cnidaria

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27
Q

You find a species with a diploblast-radial symmetry and a single gastrovascular cavity. The species is a predator and uses its tentacles to capture prey.

What phylum does this species belong too?

A

Phylum Cnidaria

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28
Q

You find a species whose mouth and anus is a single opening. The species has a medusa form and is sessile. What phylum does it belong to?

A

Phylum Cnidaria

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29
Q

T/F the Phylum Cnidaria has two variants of a body plan:
the motile polyp
the sessile medusa

A

False.
sessile polyp
motile medusa

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30
Q

This variant adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body

A

PHYLUM CNIDARIA

Polyp

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31
Q

A bell-shaped body with a mouth on the underside

A

PHYLUM CNIDARIA

medusa

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32
Q

T/F Medusae attach to the substate but can move freely

A

Fale. Medusae do NOT attach to the substrate and move freely

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33
Q

Very simple muscles made of bundles of contractile microfilaments

Movements controlled by a nerve net (no brain)

Sensory receptors feed into nerve net allowing stimulus/response

A

PHYLUM CNIDARIA: Muscles and Nerves

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34
Q

T/F Phylum Cnidaria have no brain

A

True

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35
Q

For species in the phylum cnidaria, how are their movements controlled?

A

nerve net

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36
Q

For species in the phylum cnidaria, their simple muscles are made up of what?

A

bundles of contractile microfilaments

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37
Q

PHYLUM CNIDARIA

Sensory ____ feed into nerve net allowing stimulus/response

A

receptors

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38
Q

Phylum Cnidaria:

List four classes

A

Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa

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39
Q

You find a Portuguese man-of-war, some hydras and one coral. What class and phylum do they belong to?

A

Class Hydrozoa

Phylum Cnidaria

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40
Q

jellies, sea nettles

A

Class Scyphozoa

Phylum Cnidaria

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41
Q

box jellies, sea wasps

A

Class Cubozoa

Phylum Cnidaria

42
Q

sea anemones
most corals
sea fans

A

Class Anthozoa

Phylum Cnidaria

43
Q

Match the characteristic to the class of Phylum Cnidaria:

a. all marine, medusa stage is completely absent
b. all marine, polyp stage is reduced, free-swimming, medusa
c. most marine, both polyp and medusa stages in most species

d. all marine; box-shaped medusa, complex eyes

A

a. anthozoa
b. scyphozoa
c. hydrozoa
d. cubozoa

44
Q

You find a Cnidaria species that has a completely absent medusa stage. What class is this species in?

A

Phylum Cnidaria: Class Anthozoa

45
Q

What three classes of Cnidaria are all marine?

A

Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa

46
Q

Both polyp and medusa stages in most of these Cnidaria species

A

Hydrozoa (Portuguese man-of-war, Obelia, etc.)

47
Q

You find a sea anemone and a sea fan. Will they have both a polyp and medusa stage?

A

No. The Class Anthozoa is completely missing a medusa stage

48
Q

Know the Hydrozoan Life Cycle

A

Meiosis (diploid) produces an egg and sperm which goes through fertilization to produce a zygote which goes to planula (larva) to a developing polyp -> mature polyp -> asexual reproduction (budding) to a medusa bud -> gonad -> a gonad produces an egg and sperm which go through sexual reproduction

49
Q

Clad of all animals having bilateral symmetry:

What does this clade exclude?

A

Lophotrochozoa (mollusca and annelida Platyhelminthes)
Ecdysozoa (nematodes and arthropods)
Deuterostomia
(echinoderms and chordates)

EXCLUDES: Porifera and Chordata

50
Q

What is the difference between coelomate, pseudocoelomate and acoelomate?

A

Coelomate has a true body cavity (coelom), pseudocoelomate has a false body cavity, acoelomate has no body cavity

51
Q

Molecular-defined clade
has a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding:
trochophore larvae
mollusca and annelids
some members share neither of the above traits

A

Lophotrochozoa

52
Q

You find a mollusk that has trochophore larvae. What phylum may it belong to. What symmetry does this phylum have?

A

Locotrochozoa. Bilateral symmetry

53
Q

free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia

A

trochophore larvae

54
Q

Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Molusca

A

Lophotrochozoa

55
Q

This phylum has radial symmetry

A

Cnidaria

56
Q

20k species
free-living and parasitic
body dorsoventrally flattened
more complex (have mesoderm with true muscles, gastrovascular cavity with one openng
4 classes: Turbellaria, monogenean, Trematoda and cestoidea

A

Acoelomates: Phylum Platyhelminthes (Lophotrochozoa)

57
Q

What type of body cavity do Platyhelminthes (Phylum Lophotrochozoa) have?

A

acoelomates

58
Q

You find a species with a mesoderm. It’s body has true muscles. Oddly enough, it is parasitic and free-living. What phylum is this species in?

A

Acoelomates: Phylum Platyhelminthes: Lophotrochozoa

59
Q

Acoelomates: Phylum Platyhelminthes: Lophotrochozoa

  • 20k species
  • free-living and ____
  • body dorsoventrally ___
  • more complex (has mesoderm) with __ muscles, gastrovascular cavity with one opening
  • four classes
A

parasitic
flattened
true

60
Q

Turbellaria
Monogenea
Tramatoda
Cestoidea

A

Four classes of the Phylum Platyhelminthes (Acoelomates / Lophotrochozoa)

61
Q 
Phylum Echinodermata
all marine
\_\_\_\_ symmetrical as adults, planktonic larvae are \_\_\_\_ symmetrical
water vascular system
separate sexes, external fertilization
A

radially symmetrical as adults

planktonic larvae are bilaterally symmetrical

62
Q 
radially symmetrical as adults
planktonic larvae are bilaterally symmetrical
water vascular system
separate sexes
external fertilization
all marine
A

Phylum Echinodermata

63
Q

Deuterostomia

A

echinoderms and chordata

64
Q 
multiple appendates
- extreme specialization (2 pairs of antennae)
- walking legs on thorax
- appendages on abdomen
- lost appendages regenerate
gas exchange: gills or simple diffusion
open circulatory system
sexes separate with swimming larvae
A 
Phylum Arthropoda (Ecdysozoa)
Subphylum Crustacea
65
Q

For the Phylum Ecdysozoa (Arthropoda) - Subphylum Crustacea

T/F there are multiple appendages

T/F gas exchange is through gills or simple diffusion

A

True

True

66
Q

When do sexes separate in the Subphylum Crustacea (Ecdysozoa)

A

with swimming larvae

67
Q

Class Malacostraca

  • Order Isopoda: dorsoventrally flattened
  • Order Amphipoda: laterally flattened
  • Order Decapoda: crabs, shrimp, lobsters, crayfish
A

Phylum Arthropoda (Subphylum Crustacea)

68
Q

ECDYSOZOA: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Class Insect

A

Habitat: all terrestrial environments, some aquatic or marine
Many fly: 1-2 pairs of wings
Open circulatory system
Complex digestive system
Malpighian tubules for excretion
Gas exchange by tracheae (open to air by spiracles)

69
Q

ECDYSOZOA: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Class Insect

A

Metamorphosis
- incomplete
egg -> nymph (mini adults w/o wings) -> adult
- complete metamorphosis
egg -> larva (worm-like -> pupa (cocoon) -> adult
Reproduction: usually sexual
Internal fertilization
- sometimes sperm packets attach externally

70
Q

ECDYSOZOA: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Class Insect

Fill in the blanks:

a. Incomplete Metamorphosis:
\_\_\_ -> \_\_\_\_\_ -> \_\_\_\_\_
b. Complete metamorphosis 
\_\_\_ -> \_\_\_\_\_-> \_\_\_\_ -> \_\_\_\_\_
c. Reproduction:
d. Fertilization:
A

a. egg -> nymph -> adult
b. egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult
c. usually sexual
d. internal

71
Q

ECDYSOZOA: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Class Insect

fill in the blanks

Habitat: 
% Who Fly:
Circulatory System:
Digestive System:
For Excretion:
Gas Exchange:
A

Habitat: all terrestrial environments, some aquatic or marine
% Who Fly: many fly (1-2 pairs of wings)
Circulator System: open
Digestive System: complex
For Excretion: Malpighian tubules
Gas Exchange: by tracheae (open to air by spiracles)

72
Q

Class Diplopoda - Millipedes

  • worm-like, many legs (2 per segment)
  • eat plant material
Class Chilopoda - Centipedes
- pair of antennae on head
- mouth parts: 3 pair of modified appendages  (jawline mandibles)
- 1 pair of walking legs per segment
Predators: poison claws
A

Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Cheliceroformes

73
Q

Ecdysozoa: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Cheliceroformes

fill in the blanks:

Class Diplopoda
Casual name: 
Legs: 
Like: 
Diet: 
Class Chilopoda
Casual name: 
Antennae: 
Mouth parts: 
Walking legs: 
Relationship to the weak:
Claws
A 
Class Diplopoda
Casual name: Millipedes
Legs: many legs (2/segment)
Like: wormlike
Diet: vegetarian

Class Chilopoda
Casual name: centipedes
Antennae: pair of antennae on head
Mouth parts: 3 pairs of modified appendages (jawline mandibles)
Walking legs: 1 pair of walking legs per segment
Relationship to the weak: predator
Claws: poisoned

74
Q

You find a spider. What phylum and subphylum and class might he belong to?

A 
Phylum Ecdysozoa (Arthropoda), Subphylum Cheliceroformes
Class Arachnida
75
Q

Parts of the Class Arachnida (Phylum Ecdysozoa/Arthropoda, Subphylum Cheliceroformes)

A 
spinnerets
book lunk
chelicera
pedipalp 
(KNOW THIS SLIDE)
76
Q 
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Cheliceroformes
Class Arachnida
List four examples
Type of thorax:
# of chelicerae
# of pedipalps
# of legs
Type of lungs
 Use of spinnerets
Place of gas exchange (air pocket w plates of hemolymph)
A
  • cephalothorax
  • one pair of chelicerae
  • one pair of pedipalps
  • four pairs of legs
    book lungs (rarely trachea)
    spinnerets produce silk
    Book lungs
77
Q

Bilateral -> Ecdysozoa -> Phylum Arthropoda

List four examples
type of cephalization:
development of sense organs:
circulatory system:
specialized surfaces for gas exchange
A

millipedes, insects, crabs, spiders

  • estensive cephalization
  • well-developed sense organs
  • open circulatory system
  • gills
78
Q

List four subphylum of the Phylum Arthropoda (Ecdysozoa)

A

Cheliceriformes
Myriapoda
Hexapoda
Crustacea

79
Q

2/3 of all organisms

A

Phylum Arthropoda (Phylum Ecdysozoa)

80
Q

Main Characteristics:
segmented (head, thorax, and abdomen
hard exoskeleton (requires molting)
joined appendages

A

Phylum Arthropoda

- millipedes, insects, crabs, spiders -

81
Q

KNOW the subphylum of the Phylum Anthropoid

A

See PP

82
Q 
ECDYSOZOA
Phylum Nematoda
casual: 
type of life:
segmentation:
tapering: 
type of body cavity:
muscle type:
zygotes:
sexual
sex: 
habitat:
A 
round worms
free-living and parasitic
tapered at both ends
pseudocoelom 
longitudinal
resistant
male and female
abundant in soil and detritus
83
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans and Trichinella spiralis are notable types of what?

A

Nematodes (ECDYSOZOA)

84
Q

You find a plant root parasite. What phylum is this classified as?

A

Phylum Nematoda (Ecdyosozoa)

85
Q

T/F Ecdysozoa is a phylum not a clade

A

False. Ecdysozoa is a clade

86
Q

T/F

a. Ecdysozoa is a morphological based clade
b. contains deuterostomes and annelids
c. organisms that shed their exoskeleton

A

a. Ecdysozoa is a molecular based clade
b. contains nematodes and arthropoda
c. organisms molt their exoskeleton

87
Q

Phylum Annelida:

KNOW the slide with the segmented worm parts

A

SEE SLIDE

88
Q

Casual name for Phylum Annelida (Lophotrochozoa clade)

A

Segmented worms

89
Q

RECENT CLASSIFICATION OF ANNELIDA:

a. What does molecular analysis indicate?

A

two clades

90
Q

Phylum Annelida (lophotrochozoa)

Clade: Errantians
Mobility:
Habitat:
“beside feet”:
Pair of paddle-like/ ridge-like structures on each body segment w many chatae (chitin bristles):
Each parapodium has numerous chatae (bristles of chitin)
____ are not unique to this clade

A 
most are mobile
marine
parapodia 
parapodium 
parapodium
parapodia
91
Q

Phylum Annelida (Lophotrochozoa)

Sedentarian Clade
Mobility:
Live:
Contains (2):

A

less mobile
burrow or live in protective tubes
leeches and earthworms

92
Q

Which clade of Annelida (Lophotrochozoa) includes tube-dwellers with elaborate gills or tentacles used for filter feeding?

A

Sedentarians

93
Q

Reduced head; no parapodia, but chateau present

A

Oligocheta (freshwater, marine, and terrestrial segmented worms)

94
Q

Well-developed head
Each segment has parapodia with chatae
Tube-dwelling and free-living

A

Polychaeta (mostly marine segmented worms)

95
Q 
Body usually flattened with reduced coelom and segmentation
Chateau absent
suckers at anterior and posterior ends
Parasites
Predators
Scavengers
A

Hirudinea (leeches)

96
Q

Attach the examples to the class of Phylum Annelida segmented worms:

Leeches

Marine segmented worms

Freshwater, marine and terrestrial segmented worms (earthworms)

A

Hirudinea

Polychaeta

Oligochaeta

97
Q 
Phylum Annelida of Lophotrochozoa Clade
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Casual:
Habitat (3):
Segmentation: 
Digestive system:
Circulatory system:
Waste removed and expelled by:
\_\_\_\_ but cross-fertilizing 
Sometimes \_\_\_ reproducton
A 
Marine, aquatic, moist soil
Segmented body
Complex digestive system
Closed circulatory system
Metanephridia
Hermaphroditic

Sometimes, segmented worms are cross-fertilizing and sometimes reproduce asexually

98
Q

LOPHOTROCHOZOA: Phylum Mollusca: Class Cephalopoda

Internal shell: 
Mantel covers: 
Location of mouth:
Use of beak:
Use of water jets:
Use of ink gland:

T/F Has a well-developed brain and nerves system, advanced sensory organs and open circulatory system

A

Has no or reduced internal shell (except in nautiluses)
Mantel covers visceral mass
Mouth is at the center of several long tentacles
Beak is used to inject venom
Water jets are used for locomotion
Ink glands are used to deter predators

False. Cephalopods have a very well-developed brain and nervous system, adv. sensory organs and closed circulatory system

99
Q

Flattened with shell in two shells (2 halves)
Head reduced, no radula
Paired gills, mantle modified into siphons
Suspension feeders
Attach to rocks or pilings by byssal threads or
Burrow in sand or mud using foot

A

Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Mollusca: Class Bivalvia

100
Q

Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Mollusca: Class Gastropoda

A 
40k species
Asymmetrical body, torsion (***)
Coiled shell in most 
Foot for locomotion
Radula 
Herbivores (grazers) or predators
101
Q 
Entirely marina
Shell composed of eight plates, mantle sometimes covering shell
Foot used for locomotion
Head is reduced, radula present 
Grazers
A

Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Mollusca: Class Polyplecophora - Chitons

102
Q

Start at Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Turbellaria

A

FINISH to -> Phylum Mollusca

Biology 112 (16 decks)

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