Chapter 33: PP Flashcards
What is the common ancestor of all animals?
Ancestral protist
For invertebrates, what is the most basal taxon?
Porifera (sponges)
List the five major groups of invertebrates:
Porifera (sponges)
Cnidaria
-Lophotrochozoa
- Ecdysozoa
Porifera Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa (\_\_\_\_\_, annelida \_\_\_) Ecdysozoa (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_) Deuterostomia (echinoderms and \_\_\_\_)
molusca, Platyhelminthes
nematodes
arthropodes
chordates
Protostomes
Lophotrochozoa (molusca, annelida platyhelminthes)
Ecdysozoa
nematodes, arthropods
T/F Invertebrates contain all phyla except part of Excavata
False. Invertebrates contain all phyla except part of Chordata
T/F Most species are marine or terrestrial
False. Most species are marine or aquatic
What is the defining characteristic of invertebrates?
They lack a backbone
What percentage of known animal species do invertebrates account for?
a. 10%
b. 97%
c. 95%
d. 86%
c. 95%
Invertebrates are
a. morphologically diverse
b. physiologically homogenous
c. morphologically unpredictable
Invertebrates are morphologically diverse
basal animals
lack true tissues
Phylum Porifera
You find a basal animal that lacks true tissues and is sessile. It feeds in a marine environment, and it reproduces sexually and asexually. What phylum is it in?
Phylum Porifera
About 9k species
Basal animals that lack true tissues
Sessile and mostly marine suspension feeders
Hermaphroditic(usually alternate, no self-fertilization)
Can reproduce sexually and asexually
- fragmentation and budding
- gemmules: fresh water
Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
You find an animal that is sessile and mostly hermaphroditic. It reproduces asexually through fragmentation and budding, but it can also reproduce sexually. What phylum is it in?
Phylum Porifera
Hermaphroditic
an organism that has complete or partial reproductive organs and produces gametes normally associated with both male and female sexes
What type of feeders are Phylum Porifera sponges usually?
Marine suspension feeders
a tough-coated dormant cluster of embryonic cells produced by a freshwater sponge for development in more favorable conditions.
gemmule
In winter, what might be produced by a Phylum Porifera sponge?
gemmule (food-laded amoebocyte)
When the covering of a gemmule breaks open, what is revealed?
A new sponge (Phylum Porifera)
What does “suspension feeder” mean (Phylum Porifera)?
sponges capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body
What is drawn into the cavity called the spongocoel?
What is drawn out through the opening called osculum?
Water (spongocoel)
Water (osculum)
T/F All sponges in the Phylum Porifera lack true tissues and organs
True
Phylum Porifera: Sponge Parts
Flagellated cells that create current
Flagellum pulls water and food trapped in mucus on collar
Transports nutrients to other cells, makes spicules, becomes sponge cell
Gelatinous matter between walls
Epidermis
Where the water enters the sponge
A cavity where water is drawn into from the pores
a. Choanocytes
b. Choanocyte
c. Amoebocyte
d. Mesophyl
e. Pores
f. Spongocoel
Bath sponges compose
a. 90% of all sponges
b. 55 % of all sponges.
c. 87% of all sponges
a. 90% of all sponges are bath sponges
Eumetazoa
Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa (Mollusca, annelida platyhelminthes) Ecdysozoa (nematodes, arthropodes) Deuterostomia (echinoderms and chordates)
About 10k species (both sessile (jelly) and motile (coral) forms
Simply body plan with two forms (polyp and medusa) and diploblast-radial symmetry
Single central gastrovascular cavity and single opening (mouth/anus)
Predatory: capture using tentacles with cnidocytes
Phylum Cnidaria
You find a species with a diploblast-radial symmetry and a single gastrovascular cavity. The species is a predator and uses its tentacles to capture prey.
What phylum does this species belong too?
Phylum Cnidaria
You find a species whose mouth and anus is a single opening. The species has a medusa form and is sessile. What phylum does it belong to?
Phylum Cnidaria
T/F the Phylum Cnidaria has two variants of a body plan:
the motile polyp
the sessile medusa
False.
sessile polyp
motile medusa
This variant adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Polyp
A bell-shaped body with a mouth on the underside
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
medusa
T/F Medusae attach to the substate but can move freely
Fale. Medusae do NOT attach to the substrate and move freely
Very simple muscles made of bundles of contractile microfilaments
Movements controlled by a nerve net (no brain)
Sensory receptors feed into nerve net allowing stimulus/response
PHYLUM CNIDARIA: Muscles and Nerves
T/F Phylum Cnidaria have no brain
True
For species in the phylum cnidaria, how are their movements controlled?
nerve net
For species in the phylum cnidaria, their simple muscles are made up of what?
bundles of contractile microfilaments
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Sensory ____ feed into nerve net allowing stimulus/response
receptors
Phylum Cnidaria:
List four classes
Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa
You find a Portuguese man-of-war, some hydras and one coral. What class and phylum do they belong to?
Class Hydrozoa
Phylum Cnidaria
jellies, sea nettles
Class Scyphozoa
Phylum Cnidaria
box jellies, sea wasps
Class Cubozoa
Phylum Cnidaria
sea anemones
most corals
sea fans
Class Anthozoa
Phylum Cnidaria
Match the characteristic to the class of Phylum Cnidaria:
a. all marine, medusa stage is completely absent
b. all marine, polyp stage is reduced, free-swimming, medusa
c. most marine, both polyp and medusa stages in most species
d. all marine; box-shaped medusa, complex eyes
a. anthozoa
b. scyphozoa
c. hydrozoa
d. cubozoa
You find a Cnidaria species that has a completely absent medusa stage. What class is this species in?
Phylum Cnidaria: Class Anthozoa
What three classes of Cnidaria are all marine?
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa
Both polyp and medusa stages in most of these Cnidaria species
Hydrozoa (Portuguese man-of-war, Obelia, etc.)
You find a sea anemone and a sea fan. Will they have both a polyp and medusa stage?
No. The Class Anthozoa is completely missing a medusa stage
Know the Hydrozoan Life Cycle
Meiosis (diploid) produces an egg and sperm which goes through fertilization to produce a zygote which goes to planula (larva) to a developing polyp -> mature polyp -> asexual reproduction (budding) to a medusa bud -> gonad -> a gonad produces an egg and sperm which go through sexual reproduction
Clad of all animals having bilateral symmetry:
What does this clade exclude?
Lophotrochozoa (mollusca and annelida Platyhelminthes)
Ecdysozoa (nematodes and arthropods)
Deuterostomia
(echinoderms and chordates)
EXCLUDES: Porifera and Chordata
What is the difference between coelomate, pseudocoelomate and acoelomate?
Coelomate has a true body cavity (coelom), pseudocoelomate has a false body cavity, acoelomate has no body cavity
Molecular-defined clade
has a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding:
trochophore larvae
mollusca and annelids
some members share neither of the above traits
Lophotrochozoa
You find a mollusk that has trochophore larvae. What phylum may it belong to. What symmetry does this phylum have?
Locotrochozoa. Bilateral symmetry
free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia
trochophore larvae
Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Molusca
Lophotrochozoa
This phylum has radial symmetry
Cnidaria
20k species
free-living and parasitic
body dorsoventrally flattened
more complex (have mesoderm with true muscles, gastrovascular cavity with one openng
4 classes: Turbellaria, monogenean, Trematoda and cestoidea
Acoelomates: Phylum Platyhelminthes (Lophotrochozoa)
What type of body cavity do Platyhelminthes (Phylum Lophotrochozoa) have?
acoelomates
You find a species with a mesoderm. It’s body has true muscles. Oddly enough, it is parasitic and free-living. What phylum is this species in?
Acoelomates: Phylum Platyhelminthes: Lophotrochozoa
Acoelomates: Phylum Platyhelminthes: Lophotrochozoa
- 20k species
- free-living and ____
- body dorsoventrally ___
- more complex (has mesoderm) with __ muscles, gastrovascular cavity with one opening
- four classes
parasitic
flattened
true
Turbellaria
Monogenea
Tramatoda
Cestoidea
Four classes of the Phylum Platyhelminthes (Acoelomates / Lophotrochozoa)
Phylum Echinodermata all marine \_\_\_\_ symmetrical as adults, planktonic larvae are \_\_\_\_ symmetrical water vascular system separate sexes, external fertilization
radially symmetrical as adults
planktonic larvae are bilaterally symmetrical
radially symmetrical as adults planktonic larvae are bilaterally symmetrical water vascular system separate sexes external fertilization all marine
Phylum Echinodermata
Deuterostomia
echinoderms and chordata
multiple appendates - extreme specialization (2 pairs of antennae) - walking legs on thorax - appendages on abdomen - lost appendages regenerate gas exchange: gills or simple diffusion open circulatory system sexes separate with swimming larvae
Phylum Arthropoda (Ecdysozoa) Subphylum Crustacea
For the Phylum Ecdysozoa (Arthropoda) - Subphylum Crustacea
T/F there are multiple appendages
T/F gas exchange is through gills or simple diffusion
True
True
When do sexes separate in the Subphylum Crustacea (Ecdysozoa)
with swimming larvae
Class Malacostraca
- Order Isopoda: dorsoventrally flattened
- Order Amphipoda: laterally flattened
- Order Decapoda: crabs, shrimp, lobsters, crayfish
Phylum Arthropoda (Subphylum Crustacea)
ECDYSOZOA: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Class Insect
Habitat: all terrestrial environments, some aquatic or marine
Many fly: 1-2 pairs of wings
Open circulatory system
Complex digestive system
Malpighian tubules for excretion
Gas exchange by tracheae (open to air by spiracles)
ECDYSOZOA: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Class Insect
Metamorphosis
- incomplete
egg -> nymph (mini adults w/o wings) -> adult
- complete metamorphosis
egg -> larva (worm-like -> pupa (cocoon) -> adult
Reproduction: usually sexual
Internal fertilization
- sometimes sperm packets attach externally
ECDYSOZOA: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Class Insect
Fill in the blanks:
a. Incomplete Metamorphosis: \_\_\_ -> \_\_\_\_\_ -> \_\_\_\_\_ b. Complete metamorphosis \_\_\_ -> \_\_\_\_\_-> \_\_\_\_ -> \_\_\_\_\_ c. Reproduction: d. Fertilization:
a. egg -> nymph -> adult
b. egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult
c. usually sexual
d. internal
ECDYSOZOA: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Hexapoda: Class Insect
fill in the blanks
Habitat: % Who Fly: Circulatory System: Digestive System: For Excretion: Gas Exchange:
Habitat: all terrestrial environments, some aquatic or marine
% Who Fly: many fly (1-2 pairs of wings)
Circulator System: open
Digestive System: complex
For Excretion: Malpighian tubules
Gas Exchange: by tracheae (open to air by spiracles)
Class Diplopoda - Millipedes
- worm-like, many legs (2 per segment)
- eat plant material
Class Chilopoda - Centipedes - pair of antennae on head - mouth parts: 3 pair of modified appendages (jawline mandibles) - 1 pair of walking legs per segment Predators: poison claws
Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Cheliceroformes
Ecdysozoa: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Cheliceroformes
fill in the blanks:
Class Diplopoda Casual name: Legs: Like: Diet:
Class Chilopoda Casual name: Antennae: Mouth parts: Walking legs: Relationship to the weak: Claws
Class Diplopoda Casual name: Millipedes Legs: many legs (2/segment) Like: wormlike Diet: vegetarian
Class Chilopoda
Casual name: centipedes
Antennae: pair of antennae on head
Mouth parts: 3 pairs of modified appendages (jawline mandibles)
Walking legs: 1 pair of walking legs per segment
Relationship to the weak: predator
Claws: poisoned
You find a spider. What phylum and subphylum and class might he belong to?
Phylum Ecdysozoa (Arthropoda), Subphylum Cheliceroformes Class Arachnida
Parts of the Class Arachnida (Phylum Ecdysozoa/Arthropoda, Subphylum Cheliceroformes)
spinnerets book lunk chelicera pedipalp (KNOW THIS SLIDE)
Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Cheliceroformes Class Arachnida List four examples Type of thorax: # of chelicerae # of pedipalps # of legs Type of lungs Use of spinnerets Place of gas exchange (air pocket w plates of hemolymph)
- cephalothorax
- one pair of chelicerae
- one pair of pedipalps
- four pairs of legs
book lungs (rarely trachea)
spinnerets produce silk
Book lungs
Bilateral -> Ecdysozoa -> Phylum Arthropoda
List four examples type of cephalization: development of sense organs: circulatory system: specialized surfaces for gas exchange
millipedes, insects, crabs, spiders
- estensive cephalization
- well-developed sense organs
- open circulatory system
- gills
List four subphylum of the Phylum Arthropoda (Ecdysozoa)
Cheliceriformes
Myriapoda
Hexapoda
Crustacea
2/3 of all organisms
Phylum Arthropoda (Phylum Ecdysozoa)
Main Characteristics:
segmented (head, thorax, and abdomen
hard exoskeleton (requires molting)
joined appendages
Phylum Arthropoda
- millipedes, insects, crabs, spiders -
KNOW the subphylum of the Phylum Anthropoid
See PP
ECDYSOZOA Phylum Nematoda casual: type of life: segmentation: tapering: type of body cavity: muscle type: zygotes: sexual sex: habitat:
round worms free-living and parasitic tapered at both ends pseudocoelom longitudinal resistant male and female abundant in soil and detritus
Caenorhabditis elegans and Trichinella spiralis are notable types of what?
Nematodes (ECDYSOZOA)
You find a plant root parasite. What phylum is this classified as?
Phylum Nematoda (Ecdyosozoa)
T/F Ecdysozoa is a phylum not a clade
False. Ecdysozoa is a clade
T/F
a. Ecdysozoa is a morphological based clade
b. contains deuterostomes and annelids
c. organisms that shed their exoskeleton
a. Ecdysozoa is a molecular based clade
b. contains nematodes and arthropoda
c. organisms molt their exoskeleton
Phylum Annelida:
KNOW the slide with the segmented worm parts
SEE SLIDE
Casual name for Phylum Annelida (Lophotrochozoa clade)
Segmented worms
RECENT CLASSIFICATION OF ANNELIDA:
a. What does molecular analysis indicate?
two clades
Phylum Annelida (lophotrochozoa)
Clade: Errantians
Mobility:
Habitat:
“beside feet”:
Pair of paddle-like/ ridge-like structures on each body segment w many chatae (chitin bristles):
Each parapodium has numerous chatae (bristles of chitin)
____ are not unique to this clade
most are mobile marine parapodia parapodium parapodium parapodia
Phylum Annelida (Lophotrochozoa)
Sedentarian Clade
Mobility:
Live:
Contains (2):
less mobile
burrow or live in protective tubes
leeches and earthworms
Which clade of Annelida (Lophotrochozoa) includes tube-dwellers with elaborate gills or tentacles used for filter feeding?
Sedentarians
Reduced head; no parapodia, but chateau present
Oligocheta (freshwater, marine, and terrestrial segmented worms)
Well-developed head
Each segment has parapodia with chatae
Tube-dwelling and free-living
Polychaeta (mostly marine segmented worms)
Body usually flattened with reduced coelom and segmentation Chateau absent suckers at anterior and posterior ends Parasites Predators Scavengers
Hirudinea (leeches)
Attach the examples to the class of Phylum Annelida segmented worms:
Leeches
Marine segmented worms
Freshwater, marine and terrestrial segmented worms (earthworms)
Hirudinea
Polychaeta
Oligochaeta
Phylum Annelida of Lophotrochozoa Clade \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Casual: Habitat (3): Segmentation: Digestive system: Circulatory system: Waste removed and expelled by: \_\_\_\_ but cross-fertilizing Sometimes \_\_\_ reproducton
Marine, aquatic, moist soil Segmented body Complex digestive system Closed circulatory system Metanephridia Hermaphroditic
Sometimes, segmented worms are cross-fertilizing and sometimes reproduce asexually
LOPHOTROCHOZOA: Phylum Mollusca: Class Cephalopoda
Internal shell: Mantel covers: Location of mouth: Use of beak: Use of water jets: Use of ink gland:
T/F Has a well-developed brain and nerves system, advanced sensory organs and open circulatory system
Has no or reduced internal shell (except in nautiluses)
Mantel covers visceral mass
Mouth is at the center of several long tentacles
Beak is used to inject venom
Water jets are used for locomotion
Ink glands are used to deter predators
False. Cephalopods have a very well-developed brain and nervous system, adv. sensory organs and closed circulatory system
Flattened with shell in two shells (2 halves)
Head reduced, no radula
Paired gills, mantle modified into siphons
Suspension feeders
Attach to rocks or pilings by byssal threads or
Burrow in sand or mud using foot
Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Mollusca: Class Bivalvia
Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Mollusca: Class Gastropoda
40k species Asymmetrical body, torsion (***) Coiled shell in most Foot for locomotion Radula Herbivores (grazers) or predators
Entirely marina Shell composed of eight plates, mantle sometimes covering shell Foot used for locomotion Head is reduced, radula present Grazers
Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Mollusca: Class Polyplecophora - Chitons
Start at Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Turbellaria
FINISH to -> Phylum Mollusca
