Chapter 32 Flashcards
Distinctive characteristics of animals include…
a. Hox gene control
b. Unicellular
c. Tissue development
d. Absorptive autotrophs
(corrected)
a. Developmental stages (hox gene control)
c. Tissue development
ingestive heterotrophs
multicellular
tissue development
developmental stages (Hox gene control)
Distinctive Characteristics of Animals
Animals \_\_\_\_\_ heterotrophs multicellular \_\_\_\_\_ development developmental stages (\_\_\_ gene control)
ingestive heterotrophs
multicellular
tissue dvelopment
Hox
archenteron endoderm ectoderm blastopore gastrula
the parts of a blastocoel
For insects, the embryonic germ layer, endoderm, contains what organ(s):
The mesoderm germ layer includes what organ(s):
The ectoderm germ layer contains what organ(s):
gut
muscle, heart, blood
cuticle, nervous system
For vertebrates, the mesoderm germ layer contains what five organs?
skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood
For vertebrates, the ectoderm germ layer contains what two organs?
skin, nervous system
For vertebrates, the endoderm germ layer contains what three organs?
gut, liver, lungs
Geologic History of Animals (see slide)
Proterozoic Era
Paleozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era
Geologic History of Animals (see slide)
Proterozoic Era
Paleozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era
Eukaryotes arise (2.5 bebop)
Common ancestor to multi-cellular organisms (1.5 bpbp)
1st complex multicellular eukaryotes (animals) may appear in fossil record (564 maybe)
Proterozoic Era (2.5-542 maybp)
When do the first couple multicellular eukaryotes appear in the fossil record?
Proterozoic Era (565 mybp)
Cambrian Explosion (535-524 mybp)
Land invertebrates evolve (arthropods)
Land vertebrates evolve (amphibians, reptiles/mammals)
Cambrian Explosion (535-524 mybp)
Land invertebrates evolve (arthropods)
Land vertebrates evolve (amphibians, reptiles/mammals)
Around 360-460 mybp, arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, and the precursors to mammals appear. What era is this?
Paleozoic Era
You travel back in time, using Orson Welles’ Time Machine. It is hot and muggy when you arrive in a particular era. There are preditor-prey relationships happening all around you–you might be the next prey, yikes! Arthropods try to climb up your leg.
You notice an increase in atmospheric oxygen and animals have bilateral symmetry.
What era are you in?
Paleozoic Era (after Proterozoic Era)
Land animals evolve into new niches (adaptive radiation)
Evolution of wings, first mammals emerged
Marine
- coral reefs become prominent
Flower plants evolve and diversify in Cretaceous (late Mesozoic)
Land animals evolve into new niches (adaptive radiation)
Evolution of wings, first mammals emerged
Marine
- coral reefs become prominent
Flower plants evolve and diversify in Cretaceous (late Mesozoic)
The pop song goes “I do want to swing from a chandelier.” If the singer Maddie Ziegler were a prehistoric mammal, when would she have first NOT needed to swing and instead fly?
Mesozoic Era (251-65.5 mybp)
Before an animal embryo becomes a blastocoel, what three “forms” does it have first?
zygote
eight-cell stage
blastula
When’d id the first mamas emerge?
Mesozoic Era
65.5 - Present
Cenozoic era
What huge event happened just before the Cenozoic Era?
mass extinctions (Dino asteroid)
You dream that the Tardis takes you back to just before the Cenozoic Era. What absence of mammals might you notice?
Large non-flying dinosaurs and marine reptiles would not be present (post Dino-asteroid)
Animal body plans: what are the two types of symmetry?
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower.
radial symmetry
the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane.
bilateral symmetry
An animal possessing 2 major tissue layers. These include the outer layer (the ectoderm) and the inner layer (the endoderm).
Diploblasty
An animal possessing 3 major tissue layers. It has a middle layer (the mesoderm), between the endoderm and the ectoderm.
Triploblasty
Diploplasty:
____ tissue: typically develops into the outer layer of skin and rel. structures
____ tissue: typically develops into tissues making up the digestive system
A diploblastic organism has only ___ main layers of tissue in its body: ectoderm on the ____, endoderm on the inside
ectoderm, endoderm, two, outside
A Triploblastic Organism has three main layers of tissue in its body:
______: outside
______: inside
______: between the outside:inside
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
The Geologic History of Animals
65.5 mybp - present 251-65.5 mybp 542-251 mybp 542-251 mybp 2.5 mybp - 542 mybp
Cenozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
Paleozoic Era
Proterozoic Era
A starfish will likely have what type of symmetry?
Radial symmetry
Flatworms, snails and octopuses have what type of body symmetry?
Bilateral symmetry
These animals have a body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining called peritoneum derived from mesoderm (one of the three primary tissue layers).
Coelomate
- body cavity
- tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs
These animals have a pseudocoelom (literally “false cavity”), which is a fluid filled body cavity. Tissue derived from mesoderm partly lines the fluid filled body cavity of these animals. Thus, although organs are held in place loosely, they are not as well organized as in a coelomate.
Pseudocoelomate
An animal that does not possess a body cavity.
(Unlike coelomates (eucoelomates), animals with a true body cavity, these animals lack a fluid-filled cavity between the body wall and digestive tract.)
Acoelomate
a multicellular organism whose mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening (blastopore)
protostome
Kingdom Animalia: the first developmental opening
blastopore
A subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subkingdom Eumetazoa, within Animalia, and are distinguished from protostomes by their embryonic development: their first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus.
Deuterostome
Name two examples of protostomes:
molluscs, annelids
Name two examples of deuterostomes:
echinoderms, chordates
Based on the tree in Figure 32.11, which statement is false?
a. the animal kingdom is monophyletic
b. acoelomate flatworms are more closely related to echinoderms than to annelids
c. sponges are basal animals
d. bilaterians form a clade
Most animals are heterotrophs. What does this mean?
Thy ingest their food and cannot produce their own energy (they gain carbon from sources other than CO2 and HCO3-).
In most animals, what follows the formation of blastula? What formation does this lead to?
gastrulation, the formation of embryonic tissue layers
T/F Hox genes in animals can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology
True
T/F Fossil biochemical evidence and molecular clock analyses indicate that animals arose over 500 million years ago.
False. Fossil biochemical evidence and molecular clock analyses indicate that animals arose over 700 million years ago.
Must animals always have bilateral or radial symmetry?
No, animals may lack symmetry.
Name the two types of Eumetazoan embryos
Diploblastic (two germ layers) or triploblastic (three germ layers)
T/F Diploblastic animals with a. body cavity may have a pseudocoelom or a true coelom
False. Triploblastic animals with a body cavity may have a pseudocoelom or a true coelom.
What two types of development often differ in patterns of cleavage, coelom formation and blastopore fate?
Protostome
Deuterostome
Match the step in animal evolution to its supposed period/era:
a. Ediacaran animals
b. Cambrian explosion
Origin and diversification of dinosaurs
c. Early land animals
d. Diversification of mammals
Proterozoic ediacaran animals (560)
Proterozoic-Paleozoic Cambrian explosion (535)
Paleozoic
Early land animals
Mesozoic
Origin and diversification of dinosaurs
Cenozoic
Diversification of mammals
When the diversification of mammals majorly occurred.
Cenozoic
When land animals made through ground-breaking appearance.
Paleozoic
Where do the tissues of animals develop from?
embryonic layers
Where do the tissues of animals develop from?
embryonic layers
The zygote of an animal undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions
Cleavag4
After a series of mitotic cell divisions (cleavage), an eight-cell embryo is formed by __ rounds of cell division?
three
A hollow ball of cells that surround a cavity called the blastocoel
blastula
A hollow ball of cells that is produced by cleavage
a. blastocoel
b. blastula
b. blastula
After a blastula is created, most animals under go…
gastrulation
A process in which one end of the embryo folds inwards, expands, and eventually fills the blastocoel, producing layers of embryonic tissues: the ectoderm (other layer) and the endoderm (inner layer)
Gastrulaion
The pouch formed by gastrulation
archenteron
How does the pouch formed by gastrulation, the archenteron, open to the outside?
via the blastopore
The ____ of the archenteron develops into the tissue lining the animal’s digestive tract:
a. ectoderm
b. blastocoel
c. embryo
d. endoderm
endoderm
A particular set of morphological and developmental traits integrated into a functional whole
body plan
ectoderm + endoderm =
diploblastic Cnidarians and a few other animal groups
ectoderm + mesoderm + endoderm =
triploblastic: from flatworms, arthropods, vertebrates
A fluid- or air-filled space located between the digestive tract and the outer body wall. Also called…
body cavity, coelom
a body cavity that is formed from mesoderm and endoderm
pseudocoelom
T/F a pseudocoolom is not a functional body cavity
False.
Protostome development:
cleavage
coelom formation
fate of blastopore
Protostome development:
spiral cleavage
determinate cleavage
“as the archenteron forms in p.d., initially solid masses of mesoderm split and form the coelom.”
the mouth develops from the blastopore (first opening)
Deuterostome development
cleavage
coelom formation
fate of blastopore
radial cleavage
determinate cleavage
“in deuterostome development, the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron, and its cavity becomes the coelom.”
the anus develops from the first opening (blastopore)
T/F All animals share a common ancestor (monophyletic)
True
T/F Sponges are not basal animals.
False
T/F Eumatazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues
True
T/F Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria
True
Are sponges a monophyletic group?
Yes
