Chapter 31 Flashcards
General Characteristics of Fungi
a. mostly multicellular and terrestrial
b. absorptive heterotrophs (small organics and minerals0
You find an aquatic type of fungi. Name two characteristics:
a. Ingoldian Hyphomycetes
b. Stream decomposers
A fungi is what type of heterotroph (small organics and minerals)?
Fungi are generally absorptive heterotrophs
General Characteristics: Fungi Absorptive heterotrophs: a. \_\_\_\_\_ b. parasites c. mutualists
Saprobes (an organism that derives its nourishment from nonliving or decaying organic matter.
List three roles of fungi:
sap robes
parasites
mutualists
T/F Fungi can be sap robes, mutualists but NOT parasites
False. Fungi can be sap robes, parasites or mutualists
What are the cell walls of fungi made of?
chitin
a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.
Chitin
T/F Fungi only reproduce asexually using spores
False. Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually by spores
You find a plant that you think is a fungi. it reproduces asexually by spores and is an ingestive heterotroph. It is multicellular and a stream decomposer. Is this a fungi? Why or why not?
No, this is not a fungi. It is an ingestive heterotroph, while fungi are absorptive heterotrophs.
List the two types of Hypha
septate (walls between)
coenocytic (no walls)
The parts of a septate hypha:
a. nuclei
b. cell wall
c. pore
d. septum
The parts of a ceonocytic hypha
a. cell wall
b. nuclei
The parts of a septate hypha:
a. nuclei
b. cell wall
c. pore
d. septum
The parts of a ceonocytic hypha
a. cell wall
b. nuclei
You find a hypha with a pore, septum, nuclei and cell wall. What type of hypha would this be classified as?
Septate hypha
each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus.
hyphae
the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae).
mycelium
The Mycelium
a. Extensive branching hypha growth produces a mycelium
b. Mycelia are either on soil surface or other objects or grow below the soil
c. A single mycelium can cover 100s of acres of area with thousands of miles of hyphae
d. Hyphal growth is key to increased absorption due to increased surface area
The Mycelium
a. Extensive branching hypha growth produces a mycelium
b. Mycelia are either on soil surface or other objects or grow below the soil
c. A single mycelium can cover 100s of acres of area with thousands of miles of hyphae
d. Hyphal growth is key to increased absorption due to increased surface area
the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae).
mycelium
What composes a mycelium?
Extensive branching hypha growth
T/F Mycelia can be on the soil surface or other objects but NOT below the soil
False. mycelia can be either on the soil surface or other objects or grow below the soil
A single_______can cover 100s of acres of area with thousands of miles of hyphae
mycelium
For fungi, its hyphal growth is the key to what?
Fungi: Increased absorption of nutrients, water due to increased surface area
Fungi have an increased absorption of nutrients and water due to what?
hyphal growth
Know the general Fungal Life cycle.
Attach picture
Fungal: Asexual Reproduction
Spores (n) go through germination to produce the mycelium which creates spore-producing structures (n) which then produce spores (n).
Fungal: Asexual Reproduction
Spores (n) go through germination to produce the mycelium which creates spore-producing structures (n) which then produce spores (n).
Fungi Sexual Reproduction
Spores (n) go through germination to produce the mycelium (n) which goes through plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) and then a eukaryotic stage (n+n - may persist and divide for years) and then karyogamy (fusion of nuclei). Then a diploid stage (2n) occurs (very brief) and then meiosis to spore-producing structures (n) which produce spores (n).
Fungi Sexual Reproduction
Spores (n) go through germination to produce the mycelium (n) which goes through plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) and then a eukaryotic stage (n+n - may persist and divide for years) and then karyogamy (fusion of nuclei). Then a diploid stage (2n) occurs (very brief) and then meiosis to spore-producing structures (n) which produce spores (n).
Spores (n) go through germination to produce the mycelium (n) which goes through plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) and then a eukaryotic stage (n+n - may persist and divide for years) and then karyogamy (fusion of nuclei). Then a diploid stage (2n) occurs (very brief) and then meiosis to spore-producing structures (n) which produce spores (n).
Fungi Sexual Selection
Spores (n) go through germination to produce the mycelium which creates spore-producing structures (n) which then produce spores (n).
Fungi: Asexual Life Cycle
Fungal Phylogeny
a. Chytrids
b. Zygomycetes (pin or sugar molds)
c. Glomeromycetes
d. Ascomycetes
e. Basidiomycetes
Chytrids Zygomycetes (pin or sugar molds) Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
Fungal Phylogeny Chytrids Zygote fungi Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Sac fungi Club fungi
Chytrids Zygomycetes (pin or sugar molds) Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
common in lakes and soil
flagellated spores
thought to be among earliest fungi
Chytrids
You find a fungi that has flagellated spores and is common lakes and soil. What fungi taxon may this fungi be in?
Chytrids
Club fungi
Basidiomycetes
Mostly terrestrial, on soil or detritus
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic on plant roots
Coenocytic hyphae, expect where reproductive cells are formed
Zygosporangia are extremely resistant to environmental conditions
Zygomycota
You find a fungi that has coenocytic hyphae and is extremely resistant to environmental conditions. When it attaches to plant roots, it has a mutualist relationship with them. What is this fungi?
Zygomycota (Zygote fungi - bread mold)
T/F Mycorrhizae on Zygomycota are mutualists on plant roots.
True
You find a fungi that you think is zygomycota. It has coenocytic hyphae where the reproductive cells are formed and is extremely resistant to environmental conditions and is found on garden plants. Is this an example of zygomycota?
No, because zygomycota have coenocytic hyphae except where reproductive cells are formed.
The Life Cycle of Zygomycota
Know this throughly in all parts
In the Sexual Life Cycle of Zygomycota, Karyogamy is followed by what?
Meiosis
mycorrhizae
- symbiosis (typically) with eighty-percent land plants
Arbuscular mycorrhiza
- Penetrates cortical cells of roots
- Helps to supply water, minerals and nutrients to roots
Glomeromycetes
What is the function of arbuscular mycorrhiza?
Helps to supply water, minerals, and nutrients to roots
A type of mycorrhiza in which the fungus penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant.
arbuscular mycorrhiza
Environment: Marine, freshwater, terrestrial (65k species)
Yeast, cup fungi, truffles, morels
Saprobes, plant pathogens, mutualists (lichens or mycorrhizae)
Dikaryotic hyphae form ascocarps
Sexual spores borne in asci on ascocarps
Asexual spores borne in “naked” groups on hyphae
Ascocmycota (sac fungi)
You find a fungi that has asexual spores that arise on “naked groups” on the hyphae.
The fungi is served at Tra Vigne on steaming hot fries.
a. What is the classification of this fungi?
b. Where is it found (3)?
c. What 3 roles does it play?
a. Ascomycota
b. Is found in marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments.
c. This fungi could be a sap robe, plant pathogen, or mutualist.
Many fungi undergo a reproductive phase in which more than one genetically distinct nuclei (from 2 separate mating types) is present within the same cytoplasm. In the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, this phase is termed “_____”, whereas in other fungal phyla the phase is “_____.
dikaryotic (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota)
heterokaryotic (other fungal phyla)
Sexual Life Cycle of Ascomycota
Neurospora can reproduce sexually by producing specialized hyphae. Conidia of the opposite mating type fuse to these hyphae (+).
PLASMOGAMY
A dikaryotic ascus develops.
KARYOGAMY
Karyogamy occurs within the ascus producing a diploid nucleus. (zygote)
MEIOSIS
The diploid nucleus divides by meiosis, yielding four haploid nuclei.
Each haploid nucleus divides once by mitosis, yielding eight nuclei. Cell walls develop around the nuclei, forming ascospores.
The developing asci are contained in an ascocarp. The ascospores are discharged forcible from the asci through an opening in the ascocarp. Germinating ascospores give rise to new mycelia.
KnowSexual Life Cycle of Ascomycota
Neurospora can reproduce sexually by producing specialized hyphae. Conidia of the opposite mating type fuse to these hyphae (+).
PLASMOGAMY
A dikaryotic ascus develops.
KARYOGAMY
Karyogamy occurs within the ascus producing a diploid nucleus. (zygote)
MEIOSIS
The diploid nucleus divides by meiosis, yielding four haploid nuclei.
Each haploid nucleus divides once by mitosis, yielding eight nuclei. Cell walls develop around the nuclei, forming ascospores.
The developing asci are contained in an ascocarp. The ascospores are discharged forcible from the asci through an opening in the ascocarp. Germinating ascospores give rise to new mycelia.
Sexual Life Cycle of Ascomycota
“__ occurs within the ascus, producing a diploid nucleus”
“the diploid nucleus divides by meiosis, yielding ___ haploid nuclei”
“each haploid nucleus divides once by __, yielding eight mitosis. Cell walls develop around the nuclei forming ascospores”
“The developing ascidians are contained in an ___. The ascospores are ___ forcibly from the ascidians through an opening in the ascocarp. Germinating ascspores give rise to mycelia.”
karyogamy
four
mitosis
asci
discharged
Basidiomycota - Club Fungi
mostly terrestrial
roles: saprobes or plant parasites
mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs, rusts
septate hyphae
dikaryotic fruiting body is the prominent visible stage of the life cycle
spores are borne in basidia on basidiocarp, often on gills beneath the cap
You find a puffball that has a visible dikaryotic fruiting body. What type of fungi may this be?
Basidiomycota
Key Concepts:
- 1 Fungi are ___ that feed by absorption
- 2 Fungi produce ___ through sexual or asexual life cycles
- 3 the ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled flagellated _____
- 4 Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
- 5Funki play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare
heterotrophs, spores, protist
T/F A fungi absorbs nutrients from the environment outside of its body
True
The most common fungal body structure are:
a. multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts)
b. single-celled filaments and multicellular cells (yeast)
c. multi-cellular yeasts and single celled organisms
d. skinny, flabby and the “dad-bod” look
a. multicellular filaments and single cells
Fungi form a network of tiny filaments that are called…
hyphae
Tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of fungi cells
Hyphae
A strong but flexible polysaccharide that strengthens the cell walls of fungi
Chitin
All fungi are
a. symbiont
b. heterotrophic
c. flagellated
d. decomposers
b. heterotrophic
Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?
a. ascospores
b. basidiospores
c. zygosporangia
d. conidiophores
d. conidiophores (Ascomycota)
The closest relatives of fungi are thought to be
a. animals
b. vascular plants
c. mosses
d. slime molds
a. animals
Ascomycota Phylum of Fungi:
T/F Their sexual spores (ascospores) are borne externally in sacs called asci. They have vast amounts of sexual spores called (conidia), also.
False. Ascomycota have sexual spores (ascospores) that are borne internally in sacs called asci. They have vast amounts of asexual spores called conidia.
The elaborate fruiting body of Basidiomycetes that contain many basidia that produce sexual spores
Basidiocarp
T/F Glomeromycota do not produce Arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants, but Zygomycotas do.
False. Glomeromycota do produce arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants. (more than 80% of all plant species have such mutualistic partnerships with glomeromycetes).
For Zygomycetes, this is the place where karyogamy and. meiosis occur.
Zygosporangium
For Zygomycetes, this is the place where karyogamy and meiosis occur.
Zygosporangium
Which of these is not like the other?
ascospores
basidiospores
zygosporangia
conidiophores
conidiophores (Ascomycota - asexual structure)
Sexual Reproduction: Basidiomycete
What part of the basidiomycete is dikaryotic?
Basidiocarp
- Two haploid mycelia of different mating types undergo plasmogamy.
- Dikaryotic mycelium forms, growing faster than, and ultimately crowding out, the haploid parental mycelia
- Environment cues, like rain or temp. changes, …
- The basidiocarp gills are lined with terminal dikaryotic cells called basidia
Karyogamy - Karyogamy in the basidia produces diploid nuclei, which then undergo meiosis.
Meiosis
Each diploid nucleus yields four haploid nuclei. Each basidium grows four appendages and one haploid nuclei enters each appendage and develops into a basidiospore (SEM). - When …. Know this slide.
Know this slide.
Unique lifestyles in fungi
molds
yeasts
lichens
mycorrhizae
There are four unique lifestyles in fungi. Three of them include molds, mycorrhizae and lichens. Which one is missing?
Yeast
Molds:
Rapid growing, asexually reproducing
Saprobes
Parasites
- downy mildew: spinach, beans, peas and grapes
- aquatic molds: cottony growths on dead fish
Fungi imperfect
- no known sexual stage in life cycle
- Penicillium has had economic importance as antibiotic source and in cheese making
Molds are…
Rapid growing, asexually reproducing
Saprobes
Parasites
- downy mildew: spinach, beans, peas and grapes
- aquatic molds: cottony growths on dead fish
Fungi imperfect
- no known sexual stage in life cycle
- Penicillium has had economic importance as antibiotic source and in cheese making
Rapid growing, asexually reproducing
Saprobes
Parasites
- downy mildew: spinach, beans, peas and grapes
- aquatic molds: cottony growths on dead fish
Fungi imperfect
- no known sexual stage in life cycle
- Penicillium has had economic importance as antibiotic source and in cheese making
Molds
Name the three categories of Molds
Saprobes, parasites and fungi imperfect
Why are fungi imperfecti called this?
Because Fungi imperfecti have no known sexual stage in life cycle
Molds can be parasites, or downy mildew: spinach, beans, peas and grapes. What other type of parasite is a mold?
aquatic molds: cottony growths on dead fish
You find a cottony growth on a dead fish. What type of mold is this an example of?
Parasitic aquatic mold
unicellular (sometimes forms mycelium) - perfect: produces asci - imperfect: no asci, Deutromycota economic uses - bread making - alcohol production (enzymes convert carbohydrates to alcohol)
unicellular (sometimes forms mycelium) - perfect: produces asci - imperfect: no asci, Deutromycota economic uses - bread making - alcohol production (enzymes convert carbohydrates to alcohol)
T/F Yeasts are unicellular and always forms mycelium
False. Yeasts are unicellular and sometimes forms a mycelium
What will a perfect, unicellular yeast do that an imperfect unicellular yeast will not do?
A perfect unicellular yeast will produce asci
Yeast infections in humans are caused by this unicellular yeast
Candida
You find a fungi that is unicellular, produces no asci, and can be used in alcohol production. How would you classify this fungi?
An imperfect yeast (Deutoromycta)
A symbiotic relationship of fungus and algae or cyanobacteria and yeast
Lichens
Lichens are generally ____, but occasionally they are ____
ascomycetes, basidiomycetes
What type of relationship do fungus have with algae, and algae or cyanobacteria have with yeast?
“balance of power” symbiotic relationship
What type of relationship do fungus have with algae, and algae or cyanobacteria have with yeast?
“balance of power” symbiotic relationship
T/F Lichens are generally basidiomycetes and sometimes glomeromycetes
False. Lichens are generally ascomycetes and sometimes basidiomycetes
Licens are an important _____ species in primary succession: can break down rock into sand, dead lichens, soil
pioneer
T/F In terms of their reaction to environment, Lichens are similar to Zygomycetes
True (very hardy and can survive desiccation)
Fungi from all 3 main divisions that are mutualistic with vascular plants
Hyphae penetrate roots and sometimes even cells
Aid plant in mineral uptake, receive organic molecules in return
Some plants cannot survive without mycorrhizae
Mushrooms beneath trees are typically the fruiting bodies of mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae (a fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship.)
a fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship.
Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae are fungi from all three main divisions: basidiomycota, ascomycota and zygomycota
True
T/F Mycorrhizae hyphae can penetrate the roots of a vascular plant but not the cells
False
Ectomycorrhizae
hyphae surround the cortical cells of roots
List three benefits of fungi
decomposition of detritus
pathogens :(
food for animals and humans (leavening agent for bread, cheese, alcohol, etc.)
The sexual spores of ascomycota
ascospores
What are the ascomycota sacs called?
asci
Asexual spores of ascomycetes
conidia
T/F yeasts, a type of fungi, are multicellular
False. Yeasts are single-celled fungi.
Fungi Origins:
Fungi are most closely related to ______ nucleariids
Animals are most closely related to fungi
Multicellularity arise ___ in animals and fungi
The oldest undisputed fossils of fungi are only about 460 million years old
unicellular, separately
What were among the earliest colonizers of land?
fungi
You find a terrestrial fungi that has mutualist mycorrhizae on plant roots. It has septate hyphae where its reproductive cells are formed. What is this fungi?
Zygote fungi
You find a fungi with mycorrhiza that penetrates the cortical cells of roots but not the cell membrane. Its mycorrhizae has a symbiotic relationship with land plants. What is this fungi classified as?
Glomeromycete
You find a freshwater fungi that acts as a plant pathogen. It has sexual and asexual spores, and it has a dikaryotic hyphae which forms fruiting bodies. What is it?
Ascomycete (sac fungi)
