Chap. 30 - PP Flashcards
Chapter 30 deals with what type of plants?
Seed plants
The biggest group of seedless vascular plants:
ferns
The spermatophytes, also known as phanerogams or phenogamae, comprise those plants that produce seeds. They are a subset of the embryophytes or land plants.
seed plants
Plant Group
Mosses and other nonvascular plants are ____ dominant and its sporophytes are reduced and dependent on ___ for nutrition
gametophyte, gametophytes
Ferns and other seedless vascular plants have gametophytes that are ______ or independent and are ____ dominant
reduced, sporophyte
Seed plants (\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_) They have \_\_\_ gametophytes, that are dependent on the dominant \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for nutrition
angiosperms, gymnosperms
reduced
sporophytes
You find a gymnosperm and angiosperm with reduced gametophytes and dominant sporophytes. What category of plants is this?
Seed plant
With seedless vascular plants, which is dominant: gametophyte or sporophyte?
Sporophyte
You find a non-vascular plant that resembles a moss. Which is more likely to be dominant–sporophyte or gametophytes?
Gametophyte
You find a gymnosperm. What type of plant will this be? Will it be sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?
Sporophyte dominant
What is “naked” seed?
gymnosperm
You find a tree with microscopic female gametophytes inside an ovulate cone. What type of plant is this? What is dominant–gametophyte or sporophyte?
Seed plants. Sporophyte dominant.
Gymnosperm.
You find a microscopic female gametophytes inside the flower. What type of seed plant is this?
Angiosperm (covered seed)
a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. A large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees.
angiosperm
a plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit. Include the conifers, cycads, and ginkgo.
Gymnosperms
The Uniqueness of Seeds
a. Seed contains the ___ (derived from female gametophyte) and is for dispersal
b. ___ contains the _ gametophyte.
c. Gametophytes in _ _ are never free-living
a. embryo
b. pollen, male
c. seed plants
When are gametophytes never free-living?
When they are present in seed plants
What contains the male gametophyte in seed plants?
pollen
For exam, recognize the cotyledons of a plant embryo.
Embryo - leaves
MONOCOTS DICOTS
The two primary groups of flowering plants
Monocots, dicots
Name of flowering plant with an embryo with one cotyledon
Monocot (flower parts in multiples of three)
Name of flowering plant with an embryo with two cotyledon
Dicot (flower parts in multiples of 4-5)
the “seed leaves” produced by the embryo. They serve to absorb nutrients packaged in the seed, until the seedling is able to produce its first true leaves and begin photosynthesis.
Cotyledons
What is a micropyle?
An aperture - a small hole in the embryo -haploid structure
FERTILIZED OVULE
A megaspore develops into a multicellular female gametophyte. The micropyle, the only opening through the integument, allows entry of a pollen grain. The pollen grain contains a male gametophyte, which develops a pollen tube that discharges sperm.
GYMNOSPERM SEED
Fertilization initiates the transformation of the ovule into a seed, which consists of a sporophyte embryo, a food supply, and a protective seed coat derived from the integument.
FERTILIZED OVULE
A megaspore develops into a multicellular female gametophyte. The micropyle, the only opening through the integument, allows entry of a pollen grain. The pollen grain contains a male gametophyte, which develops a pollen use that discharges sperm.
GYMNOSPERM SEED
Fertilization initiates the transformation of the ovule into a seed, which consists of a sporophyte embryo, a food supply, and a protective seed coat derived from the integument.
FERTILIZED OVULE
A _____ develops into a multicellular female gametophyte. The ____, the only opening through the integument, allows entry of a pollen grain. The pollen grain contains a male ____, which develops a pollen tube that discharges sperm.
GYMNOSPERM SEED
_____ initiates the transformation of the ovule into a ___, which consists of a _____ embryo, a food supply, and a protective seed coat derived from the integument.
megaspore, micropyle, gametophyte
GYMNOSPERM
fertilization, seed, sporophyte,
List the two major categories of seed plants:
gymnosperms (naked) and angiosperms (not naked)
When did angiosperms really take off and speciate?
Mesozoic Period
In what period did the early seed plants first appear?
Paleozoic
GYMNOSPERMS
a) “naked” seed
b) lack ovaries in which seeds can develop
c) 4 divisions: cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta
GYMNOSPERMS
a) “naked” seed
b) lack ovaries in which seeds can develop
c) 4 divisions: cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta
LIFE CYCLE OF CONIFERS - KNOW
a. In most conifer species, each tree has both ovulate and pollen cones.
b. An ovulate cone has two ovules, each containing a megasporangium. Only one ovule is shown.
c. A pollen grain enters through the micropyle and germinates, forming a pollen tube that slowly digests through the megasporangium.
d. … fill this in
Fill in
List the four divisions of gymnosperms. Do you know what each division looks like?
- Cycadophyta
- Ginkgophyta
- Gnetophyta
- Coniferophyta
- Cycadophyta
- Ginkgophyta
- Gnetophyta
- Coniferophyta
The four divisions of gymnosperms
Exam: life cycles will be a significant portion of the exam
Know all life cycles of them
Division Anthophyta
- most diverse and geographically widespread of all flowering plants
- 2 classes: dicots and monocots
- More refined vascular system with vessel elements (instead of tracheas) and fiber cells
- Flowers
Division Anthophyta
- most diverse and geographically widespread of all flowering plants
- 2 classes: dicots and monocots
- More refined vascular system with vessel elements (instead of tracheas) and fiber cells
- Flowers
Know the flower parts: stamen (anther - filament), petal, carpel (stigma, style, ovary), sepal, receptacle, ovule
Google a picture of this.
Know the flower parts: stamen (anther - filament), petal, carpel (stigma, style, ovary), sepal, receptacle, ovule
Google a picture of this.
Exam: know the main differences between monocots and dicots
monocots - veins run parallel
dicots - veins do not run parallel (monocotyledon)
Google: youtube educreatons angiosperm reproduction
know the lifecycle of angiosperms
What usage does the endosperm of an embryo have?
The seed’s embryo includes the endosperm (food supply).
When did all the major angiosperms appear?
cretaceous period (just 65 million years)
What coevolve with angiosperms?
Their pollinators (honey bees, etc.)
The honey bee is what type of flower pollinator?
The honey bee is a generalist honey bee
Hummingbird flowers, bottle flowers, fly flowers and tropical bee mimics are what type of pollinator?
Specialized pollinators
What type of pollination occurs for gymnosperm seed vascular plants?
Wind pollination
SEED DISPERSAL ADAPTATIONS
a. Fruit develops from the ovary and encloses the seeds.
b. Specific adaptations:
feathery appendages
wings
edible and appealing to animals
hooks and bristles for clinging to fur or feathers
Division Anthophyta
- most diverse and geographically widespread of all flowering plants
- 2 classes: dicots and monocots
- More refined vascular system with vessel elements (instead of tracheas) and fiber cells
- Flowers
What are a few benefits of Angiosperms?
Provide the bulk of our food
Source of many useful drugs
Provide pleasure to many people
Angiosperms, along with other plants and algae absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen
RECENT CHANGES IN ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION
a. New data from the Deep Green Project has shown that the ___ are polyphyletic
b. Monocots are still considered monophyletic
c. Dicots have been spit into two other groups the eudicots and the magnoliids and other basal lineages, which are paraphyletic.
d. The eudicots contain the majority of dicots.
dicots
Exam: Recognize the family name, crucial/identifiable characteristics, etc.
…
Flower parts in 3s, sepals and petals indistinguishable, bulbs, leaves mostly basal, flowers often showy
Liliaceae (common monocot family)
Flower parts in 3s, highly modified in form, pseudobulbs in some, seeds extremely minute and numerous
Orchidaceae (common monocot family)
Flower parts in 3 but extremely modified with scale-like appendages, leaves opposite and generally sheathing stem, stem has swollen nodes, fruit is a caryopsis or grain.
Poaceae
Liliaceae, Orchidaceae and Poaceae:
a. Flower parts in 3s, but extremely modified with scale-like appendages, leaves opposite and generally sheathing stem, stem has swollen nodes, fruit is a caryopsis or grain
b. Flower parts in 3s, highly modified in form, pseudobulbs in some, seeds extremely minute and numerous
c. Flower parts in 3s, sepals and petals indistinguishable, bulbs, leaves mostly basal, flowers often showy
a. Poaceae
b. Orchidaceae
c. Liliaceae
Orchidaceae:
a. How many flower parts?
b. Is its form highly modified?
c. Does it contain pseudobulbs?
d. Are the seeds very large and limited?
a. 3 flower parts
b. yes its form is highly modified
c. seeds are very minute and numerous
Common Magnoliids and Primitive Angiosperms
a. Magnoliaceae - trees and shrubs, flowers with numerous parts, fruit a follicle
b. Nymphaeaceae
aquatic herbs, flowers with numerous parts, fruit a capsule
c. Amborella
found in New Caledonia, considered most primitive angiosperm
Common Magnoliids and Primitive Angiosperms
a. Magnoliaceae - trees and shrubs, flowers with numerous parts, fruit a follicle
b. Nymphaeaceae
aquatic herbs, flowers with numerous parts, fruit a capsule
c. Amborella
found in New Caledonia, considered most primitive angiosperm
a. aquatic herbs, flowers with numerous parts, fruit a capsule
b. trees and shrubs, flowers with numerous parts, fruit a follicle
c. found in New Caledona, considered most primitive
a. Nymphaeaceae
b. Magnoliaceae
c. Amborella
