Chap. 28 - Protists - PP Flashcards
What are protists?
A kingdom that comprises mostly single-celled organisms
What grouping has more structural and fx diversity than any other eukaryotes?
Protists
Are most protists motile? How do they get around?
Yes, cilia or flagella
Protists mostly reproduce by what mechanism?
Mitosis
In what condition do protists typically live?
moist conditions
Protists typically live in
a. water or damp soil
b. desert conditions
c. saltwater marine bays
a. water or damp soil
Protists are _____ or _____ in animals
symbiotic, parasitic
Name four types of protists, arranged by energy procurement
a. ingestive protists
b. absorptive protists
c. photosynthetic protists
d. mixotrophs
“animal-like” protozoa
ingestive protists
Most protists are…
a. static
b. prokaryotic
c. move (cilia or flagella)
d. have alternating generations
c. move (cilia or flagella)
What type of protists are heterotrophic by absorption?
Absorptive protists
What protists are photosynthetic autotrophs?
Photosynthetic protists
Mixotrophs…
a. heterotrophic by ingestion
b. heterotrophic by absorption
c. photosynthetic autotroph
d. combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic
d. combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic
What is the difference between ingestive and absorptive protists?
ingestive- engulfs its nutrients (animal like)
Absorptive- breaks down nutrients and pulls it in (fungus like)
What is a mixotroph?
protists that combine both photosynthesis, for energy, and heterotrophic ways of getting nutrients
T/F All protists have a very certain placement
False
What have modern molecular systematics helped us to do with Protista?
Define monophyletic groups
Figure 28.2 What do dotted lines represent?
Uncertainty
a major supergroup of unicellular organisms belonging to the domain Eukaryota
Excavata
T/F Protista is a monophyletic group
False
Only eukaryotes to lack “mitochondria”
Excavata
Excavata - Diplomonads
a. have reduced ____ called _
b. No ETC, are ____
c. No _____, two _____, simple ____, Giardia
a. mitochondria, mitosomes
b. anaerobic
c. plastids, nuclei, cytoskeleton,
What are two ways that prokaryotes can move?
flagella, gliding
How do prokaryotes glide?
They produce slime and use flagellar motors
INTERNAL CELL STRUCTURE: PROKARYOTES
No membrane-______. ______
____ region: DNA is concentrated here
Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles, they have a nucleoid region
What is the function of prokaryotic internal membranes?
Respiration, photosynthesis
In an aerobic prokaryote, there is a ______ membrane.
In a photosynthetic prokaryote, there are _____ membranes
a. respiratory membrane
b. thylakoid membranes
What is process by which prokaryotes reproduce and grow?
Binary fision
T/F Prokaryotes can acquire new genetic material through transformation and conjugation, but NOT transduction.
False. Prokaryotes can acquire genetic material through transformation, conjugation, and transduction.
What is the difference between transformation, conjugation and transduction?
All ways for prokaryotes to reproduce or evolve.
Transformation: new genetic material from environment
Conjugation: process of direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another
Transduction:
Bacteriophage, viruses that infect bacteria pick up genetic material int he process and pass it on to other bacteria.
What does the process of transduction use?
bacteriophage
Genetic recombination:
________: DNA absorbed from external
________: Use of bacteriophage
__________ direct transfer of DNA, Pilus
transformation, transduction, conjugation
a resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells.
Endospore
What is triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in gram-positive bacteria?
Endospore
Name two different autotrophs and their energy source and carbon source
a. photo autotroph (E: light, C: CO2
b. chemoautotroph (E: inorganic chemicals, CO2)
Cyanobacteria and algae (protists) are what type of autotroph? Explain.
Photoautotroph. Energy source: light
Carbon source: CO2
A prokaryote is aquatic and thrives in salt-water environments. What autotroph is it and why?
Photoheterotroph
Energy source: Light
Carbon source: organic compounds
Which prokaryote use organic molecules as their carbon source and energy source varies/ Name two categories.
Heterotrophs - Photoheterotrophs, Chemoheterotrophs
Excavata (______ and ______)
diplomonads, parabasalids
What are the only eukaryotes to lack “mitochondria”?
Excavata (diplomonads, parabasalids)
Excavata - Dplomonads
a. Reduced mitochondria called _____
b. No _____; anaerobic
c. no plastids, two ____, simply cytoskeleton, Giardia
mitosomes, ETC, nuclei
Giardia Lamblia is an example of what?
Diplomonad (Excavata)
Life cycle of Giardia Lamblia
a. _____ ingested with contaminated water or food
b. cysts passed in ____
- reservoir hosts
a. cysts
b. feces
What is the causative agent of giardiasis?
Giardia Lamblia
cyst
a tough protective capsule enclosing the larva of a parasitic worm or the resting stage of an organism.
Characteristics of Euglenozoa:
a. ___________ (mode of movement)
b. __ Groups: ______ and ______
flagella; 2; euglenoids, kinetoplastids
Euglenozoa Euglenoids a. anterior pocket with \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b. energy storage: \_\_\_\_\_\_ Kinetoplastids a. \_\_\_\_: 1 large mitochondrion b. works symbiotically or \_\_\_ with a host organism
a. 1-2 flagella
b. paramylum (starch-like polysaccharide)
a. kinetoplast
b. parasitically
African Sleeping Sickness or Chagas’ disease are two examples of what type of Euglenozoa?
Kinetoplastid
Euglenozoa is part of what?
Excavata
SAR Clade: Name three types
stramenopiles, alveolate, rhizarians
SAR Clade:
a. believed to have evolved from a __ ___ derived by __ _____ of a __ ___ (Rhodophyta)
b. Mixed results: some __ supports this, some does not
a. common ancestor, secondary endosymbiosis, red alga
b. data
Major clades of SAR clade
Stramenopiles, alveolate, rhizarians
Name three types of Alveolates
dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates
SAR Clade: Alveolate
a. possess ___ ______-________ cavities called ____, located ___ their cell surfaces
b. three groups:
- Dinoflagellates - photosynthetic
- Apicomplexans -________
- ciliates (ciliophora)
a. small, membrane-bound, alveoli, under
b. parasites
Are apicomplexans heterotrophic or autotrophic? Why is this the case?
heterotrophic; they are parasites
SAR Clade - Alveolate - Dinoflagellates
a. mostly _____
b. given distinctive shape by plates of _____
c. 2 ___ in perpendicular grooves
d. Some live as __ ______ in cnidarians
e. some species produce large ___ causing __ and ___ tides that poison ___ and can accumulate in shellfish
a. unicellular
b. cellulose
c. flagella
d. mutualistic symbionts
e. blooms, red, brown, fish
Which type of alveolate (SAR Clade) may cause red and brown tides that poison fish and accumulate in shellfish?
Dinoflagellates
As a biologist, you stumble across a piece of ocean that is covered in red and brown tides that have poisoned fish. The shellfish from this region has high amounts of this species. What species is present?
Dinoflagellates that are Alveolate in the SAR Clade
Apicomplexans are ____ from the ______
a. parasites of ___
b. spread through host as _____
c. modified plastids called ______
- non-photosynthetic
Alveolate, SAR Clade
a. animals
b. sporozoites
c. apicoplasts
Apicomplexans are ___ from the ____
a. parasites of animals
b. spread through host as sporozoites
c. modified plastids called apicoplasts
- non-photosynthetic
alevolates, SAR Clade
Apicomplexans are ___ from the ____
a. parasites of animals
b. spread through host as sporozoites
c. modified plastids called apicoplasts
- non-photosynthetic
alevolates, SAR Clade
Taxoplasma Gondii:
obligate ______ parasite
cats (only documented sexual reproduction
intracellular
Characteristics of Ciliates
a. Cilia: used for _____, arrangements: extremely __
b. most are _____
c. one _______ (50+ copies of genome) and several ____
d. reproduction: _______
e. micronuclei (1-80)
function: _______________
a. motility, diverse
b. solitary
c. macronucleus, micronuclei
d. binary fission
e. sexual recombination during conjugation
For ciliates, what portion of the SAR Clade are we in?
Alveolates
The Paramecium is an example of a ____ in the group _____ in the major clade _____
ciliate, Alveolate, SAR
SAR Clade: Stramenopile include what three groups? What are they typically types of?
Diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, algae
Stramenopiles include:
a. _______ on flagella
b. most are ______
c. chloroplasts with 2 additional ______
d. small cytoplasmic ___, small _____
a. stramenopili
b. autotrophic
c. membranes
d. volume, nucleus
T/F Stramenopila are mostly heterotrophic and have 3 additional membranes
False. Stramenopila (SAR Clade) are mostly autotrophic and have 2 additional membranes
SAR Clade - Stramenopiles - Diatoms
a. Enclosed in ___ _____ ______: epitheca and perithecia
b. movement: many can _____ using polysaccharide filaments
c. reproduction: ___ until very small then reproduce ____
d. Food: stored as ______ (glucose-like polysaccharide) or oil
e. Habitats: freshwater and marine, planktonic, benthic, epiphytic and epizoic
a. 2 silica shells
b. glide
c. asexual, sexually
d. tamarin
Which type of stramenopile stores its food as laminarin or oil and can glide along using polysaccharide filaments?
Diatoms
Describe the process of diatom reproduction
diatoms are asexual until very small and then reproduce sexually
Chrysophyta and Oomycota belong in what clade?
SAR
Another name for Dinobyron - Stramenopiles - SAR Clade
Chrysophyta
SAR Clade - Stramenopiles - Chrysophyta
a. Chrysophyta = “_________”
b. ______, solitary or colonial, “shells”
c. freshwater and ____; autotrophic or ________
a. golden algae
b. biflagellate
c. marine, mixotrophic
SAR Clade - Stramenopiles - Oomycota
a. _____-like
b. biflagellate (in ____ of life cycle)
c. coenocytic hyphae (septa mostly absent) with __ ___
d. ______ (detrital) or ______ (potato blight - 1840 Irish)
e. white rusts and __ ___ attack plants
a. fungus
b. part
c. cell walls
d. heterotrophic,parasitic
e. downy mildew
What are the largest and most complex of all algae?
Brown algae (phaeophyta - stramenopiles - SAR Clade)
You find an algae in a cold water stream in a forest. It is large and complex. What algae may this be?
Brown algae (Phaeophyta - Brown Algae - Stramenopiles - SAR Clade)
Phaeophyta - Brown Algae - Stramenopiles - SAR Clade
a. ____ and most _____ of the algae
b. ____ structure and pigments like Bacillariophyta and Chrysophyta
c. store _____
d. _____, some with differentiated tissues and organs
e. adapted to ___ and __ zones
f. many are ___ and extracts are used in a number of food
a. largest, complex
b. chloroplast
c. laminarin
d. multicellular
e. intertidal, subtidal
f. edible
SAR Clade: Rhizarians
List three.
Forams
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
SAR Clade - Rhizaria
a. almost entirely ____
b. _____ shells hardened with ___ _____
c. _______ extend through pores
d. many contain __ ____
f. chloarachiniophytes: similar but have _____
- — mixotrophic
g. some ____ are in Rhizaria
a. marine
b. multi chambered, calcium carbonate
c. pseudopodia
d. symbiotic algae
e. chloroplasts
FINISH
SAR Clade - Rhizarians - Radiolarians
a. environment: _ and ___
b. their skeletons are made of ___ or ___ unfused plates
c. axopodia used to ___ food
a. saltwater, freshwater
b. siliceous, chitinous
c. engulf
What are the 4 super groups of Protists?
Excavata, SAR Clade, ARchaeplastida, Unikonta
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Green algae (Archaeplastida)
Rhodophyta - Red Algae - Archaeplastida
a. no ___ in any life stage
b. Why is the algae red? due to ___
c. ____ or rarely heterotrophic
d. usually ____, smaller than phaeohyta, usually filamentous
e. extremely ___ variety of life cycles
f. habitat: benthic, epiphytic, epizoic
a. flagella
b. phycoerythrin
c. autotrophic
d. multicellular
e. complex
A protist is commonly found along coasts of Alaska down through California. What is it most likely?
Red algae
Chlorophyta - Green Algae
a. _____ structure and pigments like _____
b. ____ (biflagellate) to ____ (filamentous to laminate)
c. multiple habitats
- mostly _____, many are in ___ environments, also in _ and ___; symbiotic with ____ and cnidarians
d. their life cycles are ___ and ____
a. chloroplast, plants
b. unicellular, multicellular
c. freshwater, marine, soil, snow, fungi
d. complex, varied
You find an algae in a freshwater environment that is unicellular and has a pigment like a plant. It has a complex life cycle. What may this algae be?
Chlorophyta (green algae - Archaeplastida)
If a mature cell undergoes meiosis, is it more likely a haploid or diploid?
haploid
Protists Big 4: Unikonta
________ and ______
amoebozoans, opisthokonts
Amoebozoans are part of what subgroup of the 4 protists
Unikonta
Protists that move by lobe-shaped pseudopodia
Amoebozoans
You find a protist that lives in soil or water and moves by lobe-shaped pseudopodia. This is an example of what protist in which subgroup of the 4 protist groups?
Gymnamoebas (Amoebozoans, Unikonta)
Unikonta - Amoebozoans
a. protists that move by lobe-shaped ___
- —- ________ (habitat free-living in soil or water, heterotrophs, some detritivores)
b. entamoebus, genus …
FINISH
(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
haploid
Haploid vs. Diploid
The main difference between haploid and diploid cells is the number of chromosome sets found in the nucleus. Ploidy is the area of biology that refers to the number of chromosomes in a cell. Therefore, cells with two sets are diploid, and those with one set are haploid
now the reproductive cycles of plasmid and cellular slime molds
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