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Biology 112 > Chap. 28 - Protists - PP > Flashcards

Chap. 28 - Protists - PP Flashcards

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1
Q

What are protists?

A

A kingdom that comprises mostly single-celled organisms

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2
Q

What grouping has more structural and fx diversity than any other eukaryotes?

A

Protists

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3
Q

Are most protists motile? How do they get around?

A

Yes, cilia or flagella

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4
Q

Protists mostly reproduce by what mechanism?

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

In what condition do protists typically live?

A

moist conditions

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6
Q

Protists typically live in

a. water or damp soil
b. desert conditions
c. saltwater marine bays

A

a. water or damp soil

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7
Q

Protists are _____ or _____ in animals

A

symbiotic, parasitic

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8
Q

Name four types of protists, arranged by energy procurement

A

a. ingestive protists
b. absorptive protists
c. photosynthetic protists
d. mixotrophs

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9
Q

“animal-like” protozoa

A

ingestive protists

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10
Q

Most protists are…

a. static
b. prokaryotic
c. move (cilia or flagella)
d. have alternating generations

A

c. move (cilia or flagella)

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11
Q

What type of protists are heterotrophic by absorption?

A

Absorptive protists

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12
Q

What protists are photosynthetic autotrophs?

A

Photosynthetic protists

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13
Q

Mixotrophs…

a. heterotrophic by ingestion
b. heterotrophic by absorption
c. photosynthetic autotroph
d. combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic

A

d. combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic

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14
Q

What is the difference between ingestive and absorptive protists?

A

ingestive- engulfs its nutrients (animal like)

Absorptive- breaks down nutrients and pulls it in (fungus like)

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15
Q

What is a mixotroph?

A

protists that combine both photosynthesis, for energy, and heterotrophic ways of getting nutrients

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16
Q

T/F All protists have a very certain placement

A

False

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17
Q

What have modern molecular systematics helped us to do with Protista?

A

Define monophyletic groups

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18
Q

Figure 28.2 What do dotted lines represent?

A

Uncertainty

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19
Q

a major supergroup of unicellular organisms belonging to the domain Eukaryota

A

Excavata

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20
Q

T/F Protista is a monophyletic group

A

False

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21
Q

Only eukaryotes to lack “mitochondria”

A

Excavata

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22
Q

Excavata - Diplomonads

a. have reduced ____ called _
b. No ETC, are ____
c. No _____, two _____, simple ____, Giardia

A

a. mitochondria, mitosomes
b. anaerobic
c. plastids, nuclei, cytoskeleton,

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23
Q

What are two ways that prokaryotes can move?

A

flagella, gliding

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24
Q

How do prokaryotes glide?

A

They produce slime and use flagellar motors

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25
Q

INTERNAL CELL STRUCTURE: PROKARYOTES
No membrane-______. ______
____ region: DNA is concentrated here

A

Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles, they have a nucleoid region

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26
Q

What is the function of prokaryotic internal membranes?

A

Respiration, photosynthesis

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27
Q

In an aerobic prokaryote, there is a ______ membrane.

In a photosynthetic prokaryote, there are _____ membranes

A

a. respiratory membrane

b. thylakoid membranes

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28
Q

What is process by which prokaryotes reproduce and grow?

A

Binary fision

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29
Q

T/F Prokaryotes can acquire new genetic material through transformation and conjugation, but NOT transduction.

A

False. Prokaryotes can acquire genetic material through transformation, conjugation, and transduction.

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30
Q

What is the difference between transformation, conjugation and transduction?

A

All ways for prokaryotes to reproduce or evolve.
Transformation: new genetic material from environment
Conjugation: process of direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another
Transduction:
Bacteriophage, viruses that infect bacteria pick up genetic material int he process and pass it on to other bacteria.

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31
Q

What does the process of transduction use?

A

bacteriophage

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32
Q

Genetic recombination:
________: DNA absorbed from external
________: Use of bacteriophage
__________ direct transfer of DNA, Pilus

A

transformation, transduction, conjugation

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33
Q

a resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells.

A

Endospore

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34
Q

What is triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in gram-positive bacteria?

A

Endospore

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35
Q

Name two different autotrophs and their energy source and carbon source

A

a. photo autotroph (E: light, C: CO2

b. chemoautotroph (E: inorganic chemicals, CO2)

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36
Q

Cyanobacteria and algae (protists) are what type of autotroph? Explain.

A

Photoautotroph. Energy source: light

Carbon source: CO2

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37
Q

A prokaryote is aquatic and thrives in salt-water environments. What autotroph is it and why?

A

Photoheterotroph
Energy source: Light
Carbon source: organic compounds

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38
Q

Which prokaryote use organic molecules as their carbon source and energy source varies/ Name two categories.

A

Heterotrophs - Photoheterotrophs, Chemoheterotrophs

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39
Q

Excavata (______ and ______)

A

diplomonads, parabasalids

40
Q

What are the only eukaryotes to lack “mitochondria”?

A

Excavata (diplomonads, parabasalids)

41
Q

Excavata - Dplomonads

a. Reduced mitochondria called _____
b. No _____; anaerobic
c. no plastids, two ____, simply cytoskeleton, Giardia

A

mitosomes, ETC, nuclei

42
Q

Giardia Lamblia is an example of what?

A

Diplomonad (Excavata)

43
Q

Life cycle of Giardia Lamblia

a. _____ ingested with contaminated water or food
b. cysts passed in ____
- reservoir hosts

A

a. cysts

b. feces

44
Q

What is the causative agent of giardiasis?

A

Giardia Lamblia

45
Q

cyst

A

a tough protective capsule enclosing the larva of a parasitic worm or the resting stage of an organism.

46
Q

Characteristics of Euglenozoa:

a. ___________ (mode of movement)
b. __ Groups: ______ and ______

A

flagella; 2; euglenoids, kinetoplastids

47
Q 
Euglenozoa
Euglenoids
a. anterior pocket with \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
b. energy storage: \_\_\_\_\_\_ 
Kinetoplastids
a. \_\_\_\_: 1 large mitochondrion 
b. works symbiotically or \_\_\_ with a host organism
A

a. 1-2 flagella
b. paramylum (starch-like polysaccharide)

a. kinetoplast
b. parasitically

48
Q

African Sleeping Sickness or Chagas’ disease are two examples of what type of Euglenozoa?

A

Kinetoplastid

49
Q

Euglenozoa is part of what?

A

Excavata

50
Q

SAR Clade: Name three types

A

stramenopiles, alveolate, rhizarians

51
Q

SAR Clade:

a. believed to have evolved from a __ ___ derived by __ _____ of a __ ___ (Rhodophyta)
b. Mixed results: some __ supports this, some does not

A

a. common ancestor, secondary endosymbiosis, red alga

b. data

52
Q

Major clades of SAR clade

A

Stramenopiles, alveolate, rhizarians

53
Q

Name three types of Alveolates

A

dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates

54
Q

SAR Clade: Alveolate

a. possess ___ ______-________ cavities called ____, located ___ their cell surfaces
b. three groups:
- Dinoflagellates - photosynthetic
- Apicomplexans -________
- ciliates (ciliophora)

A

a. small, membrane-bound, alveoli, under

b. parasites

55
Q

Are apicomplexans heterotrophic or autotrophic? Why is this the case?

A

heterotrophic; they are parasites

56
Q

SAR Clade - Alveolate - Dinoflagellates

a. mostly _____
b. given distinctive shape by plates of _____
c. 2 ___ in perpendicular grooves
d. Some live as __ ______ in cnidarians
e. some species produce large ___ causing __ and ___ tides that poison ___ and can accumulate in shellfish

A

a. unicellular
b. cellulose
c. flagella
d. mutualistic symbionts
e. blooms, red, brown, fish

57
Q

Which type of alveolate (SAR Clade) may cause red and brown tides that poison fish and accumulate in shellfish?

A

Dinoflagellates

58
Q

As a biologist, you stumble across a piece of ocean that is covered in red and brown tides that have poisoned fish. The shellfish from this region has high amounts of this species. What species is present?

A

Dinoflagellates that are Alveolate in the SAR Clade

59
Q

Apicomplexans are ____ from the ______

a. parasites of ___
b. spread through host as _____
c. modified plastids called ______
- non-photosynthetic

A

Alveolate, SAR Clade

a. animals
b. sporozoites
c. apicoplasts

60
Q

Apicomplexans are ___ from the ____

a. parasites of animals
b. spread through host as sporozoites
c. modified plastids called apicoplasts
- non-photosynthetic

A

alevolates, SAR Clade

61
Q

Apicomplexans are ___ from the ____

a. parasites of animals
b. spread through host as sporozoites
c. modified plastids called apicoplasts
- non-photosynthetic

A

alevolates, SAR Clade

62
Q

Taxoplasma Gondii:
obligate ______ parasite
cats (only documented sexual reproduction

A

intracellular

63
Q

Characteristics of Ciliates

a. Cilia: used for _____, arrangements: extremely __
b. most are _____
c. one _______ (50+ copies of genome) and several ____
d. reproduction: _______
e. micronuclei (1-80)
function: _______________

A

a. motility, diverse
b. solitary
c. macronucleus, micronuclei
d. binary fission
e. sexual recombination during conjugation

64
Q

For ciliates, what portion of the SAR Clade are we in?

A

Alveolates

65
Q

The Paramecium is an example of a ____ in the group _____ in the major clade _____

A

ciliate, Alveolate, SAR

66
Q

SAR Clade: Stramenopile include what three groups? What are they typically types of?

A

Diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, algae

67
Q

Stramenopiles include:

a. _______ on flagella
b. most are ______
c. chloroplasts with 2 additional ______
d. small cytoplasmic ___, small _____

A

a. stramenopili
b. autotrophic
c. membranes
d. volume, nucleus

68
Q

T/F Stramenopila are mostly heterotrophic and have 3 additional membranes

A

False. Stramenopila (SAR Clade) are mostly autotrophic and have 2 additional membranes

69
Q

SAR Clade - Stramenopiles - Diatoms

a. Enclosed in ___ _____ ______: epitheca and perithecia
b. movement: many can _____ using polysaccharide filaments
c. reproduction: ___ until very small then reproduce ____
d. Food: stored as ______ (glucose-like polysaccharide) or oil
e. Habitats: freshwater and marine, planktonic, benthic, epiphytic and epizoic

A

a. 2 silica shells
b. glide
c. asexual, sexually
d. tamarin

70
Q

Which type of stramenopile stores its food as laminarin or oil and can glide along using polysaccharide filaments?

A

Diatoms

71
Q

Describe the process of diatom reproduction

A

diatoms are asexual until very small and then reproduce sexually

72
Q

Chrysophyta and Oomycota belong in what clade?

A

SAR

73
Q

Another name for Dinobyron - Stramenopiles - SAR Clade

A

Chrysophyta

74
Q

SAR Clade - Stramenopiles - Chrysophyta

a. Chrysophyta = “_________”
b. ______, solitary or colonial, “shells”
c. freshwater and ____; autotrophic or ________

A

a. golden algae
b. biflagellate
c. marine, mixotrophic

75
Q

SAR Clade - Stramenopiles - Oomycota

a. _____-like
b. biflagellate (in ____ of life cycle)
c. coenocytic hyphae (septa mostly absent) with __ ___
d. ______ (detrital) or ______ (potato blight - 1840 Irish)
e. white rusts and __ ___ attack plants

A

a. fungus
b. part
c. cell walls
d. heterotrophic,parasitic
e. downy mildew

76
Q

What are the largest and most complex of all algae?

A

Brown algae (phaeophyta - stramenopiles - SAR Clade)

77
Q

You find an algae in a cold water stream in a forest. It is large and complex. What algae may this be?

A

Brown algae (Phaeophyta - Brown Algae - Stramenopiles - SAR Clade)

78
Q

Phaeophyta - Brown Algae - Stramenopiles - SAR Clade

a. ____ and most _____ of the algae
b. ____ structure and pigments like Bacillariophyta and Chrysophyta
c. store _____
d. _____, some with differentiated tissues and organs
e. adapted to ___ and __ zones
f. many are ___ and extracts are used in a number of food

A

a. largest, complex
b. chloroplast
c. laminarin
d. multicellular
e. intertidal, subtidal
f. edible

79
Q

SAR Clade: Rhizarians

List three.

A

Forams
Cercozoans
Radiolarians

80
Q

SAR Clade - Rhizaria

a. almost entirely ____
b. _____ shells hardened with ___ _____
c. _______ extend through pores
d. many contain __ ____
f. chloarachiniophytes: similar but have _____
- — mixotrophic
g. some ____ are in Rhizaria

A

a. marine
b. multi chambered, calcium carbonate
c. pseudopodia
d. symbiotic algae
e. chloroplasts
FINISH

81
Q

SAR Clade - Rhizarians - Radiolarians

a. environment: _ and ___
b. their skeletons are made of ___ or ___ unfused plates
c. axopodia used to ___ food

A

a. saltwater, freshwater
b. siliceous, chitinous
c. engulf

82
Q

What are the 4 super groups of Protists?

A

Excavata, SAR Clade, ARchaeplastida, Unikonta

83
Q

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

A

Green algae (Archaeplastida)

84
Q

Rhodophyta - Red Algae - Archaeplastida

a. no ___ in any life stage
b. Why is the algae red? due to ___
c. ____ or rarely heterotrophic
d. usually ____, smaller than phaeohyta, usually filamentous
e. extremely ___ variety of life cycles
f. habitat: benthic, epiphytic, epizoic

A

a. flagella
b. phycoerythrin
c. autotrophic
d. multicellular
e. complex

85
Q

A protist is commonly found along coasts of Alaska down through California. What is it most likely?

A

Red algae

86
Q

Chlorophyta - Green Algae

a. _____ structure and pigments like _____
b. ____ (biflagellate) to ____ (filamentous to laminate)
c. multiple habitats
- mostly _____, many are in ___ environments, also in _ and ___; symbiotic with ____ and cnidarians
d. their life cycles are ___ and ____

A

a. chloroplast, plants
b. unicellular, multicellular
c. freshwater, marine, soil, snow, fungi
d. complex, varied

87
Q

You find an algae in a freshwater environment that is unicellular and has a pigment like a plant. It has a complex life cycle. What may this algae be?

A

Chlorophyta (green algae - Archaeplastida)

88
Q

If a mature cell undergoes meiosis, is it more likely a haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

89
Q

Protists Big 4: Unikonta

________ and ______

A

amoebozoans, opisthokonts

90
Q

Amoebozoans are part of what subgroup of the 4 protists

A

Unikonta

91
Q

Protists that move by lobe-shaped pseudopodia

A

Amoebozoans

92
Q

You find a protist that lives in soil or water and moves by lobe-shaped pseudopodia. This is an example of what protist in which subgroup of the 4 protist groups?

A

Gymnamoebas (Amoebozoans, Unikonta)

93
Q

Unikonta - Amoebozoans

a. protists that move by lobe-shaped ___
- —- ________ (habitat free-living in soil or water, heterotrophs, some detritivores)
b. entamoebus, genus …

A

FINISH

94
Q

(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

A

haploid

95
Q

Haploid vs. Diploid

A

The main difference between haploid and diploid cells is the number of chromosome sets found in the nucleus. Ploidy is the area of biology that refers to the number of chromosomes in a cell. Therefore, cells with two sets are diploid, and those with one set are haploid

96
Q

now the reproductive cycles of plasmid and cellular slime molds

A

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