Chap 25 - Book

Question 1

the broad pattern of evolution above the species level

Answer 1

macroevolution

Question 2

The emergence of terrestrial vertebrates through a series of speciation events is an example of what?

Answer 2

macroevolution

Question 3

The origin of key adaptations such as flight and the impact of mass extinctions on biodiversity are two examples of what?

Answer 3

macroevolution

Question 4

Scientists hypothesize that processes could have produced simple cells through 4 main stages:

a. ____ synthesis of small ___ molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, etc.)
b. joining of these molecules into _____, such as proteins and nucleic acids
c. packaging of these molecules into ______, droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings
d. origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible

Answer 4

a. abiotic, organic
b. macromolecules
c. protocells

Question 5

Earth’s first atmosphere had ___ oxygen and was probably thick with ____ ____, along with nitrogen and its oxides, carbon dioxide, ____, _____ and hydrogen

Answer 5

little, water vapor, ammonia, methane

Question 6

What did Oparin and Haldane independently hypothesize?

Answer 6

the early earth’s atmosphere was reducing (electron-adding)

Question 7

What did Haldane suggest about the early oceans?

Answer 7

they were a solution of organic molecules (primitive “soup”)

Question 8

What did Miller’s classic experiment prove?

Answer 8

organic matter can be produced by inorganic matter

Question 9

T/F some evidence suggests that the early atmosphere was made up of nitrogen and carbon dioxide and was neither reducing nor oxidizing

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Earth’s Origin: deep-sea hypothesis
a. organic compounds were first produced in deep-sea _____ _________. This could especially have happened in ____ _______ that release warm water.

Answer 10

a. hydrothermal vents, alkaline vents

Question 11

T/F the volcanic-atmosphere but NOT the alkaline-vent hypothesis shows that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible under their conditions

Answer 11

False. the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible under volcanic-atmosphere and alkaline-vent conditions

Question 12

Is the presence of amino acids and nitrogenous bases sufficient for the emergence of life?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

T/F laboratories have proven that the abiotic synthesis of RNA monomers can occur

Answer 13

True

Question 14

By dripping solutions of ___ _____ or __ ____ onto hot sand, clay, or rock, researchers have produced polymers of these molecules

Answer 14

amino acids, RNA nucleotides

Question 15

T/F it is possible that polymers of RNA nucleotides acted as weak catalysts for chemical reactions on early earth

Answer 15

True

Question 16

All organisms must be able to carry out reproduction and energy processing. For the first abiotic protocells, how may have this condition been met?

Answer 16

vesicles

Question 17

What increases the rate of vesicle self-assembly?

Answer 17

montmorillonite (soft mineral clay)

Question 18

What was likely the first genetic material?

Answer 18

RNA

Question 19

enzyme-like catalysts that play a role in protein syntehsis

Answer 19

ribozymes

Question 20

Natural selection on the molecular level has produced ____ capable of ________ in the laboratory

Answer 20

ribozymes, self-replication

Question 21

“Life as we know it may have been preceded by an “RNA world” in which small RNA molecules were able to ____ and to store _____ information about the ____ that carried them.”

Answer 21

replicate, genetic, vesicles

Question 22

A vesicle has self-replicating, catalytic RNA. What would its daughters be?

Answer 22

protocells

Question 23

The richest source of fossils

Answer 23

sedimentary rocks

Question 24

sedimentary rock layers

Answer 24

strata

Question 25

The order of fossils int tock strata tells us the ___ in which the fossils were laid down, but it does NOT tell us their ____ _______.

Answer 25

sequence, absolute ages

Question 26

What does the order of fossils tell us about the fossil age? What does it not tell us?

Answer 26

relative age, absolute age

Question 27

How can we determine the absolute age of a fossil (absolute does NOT mean errorless, but that an age is given in years vs. “before” “after”)

Answer 27

radiometric dating

Question 28

A process based on the decay of radioactive isotopes

Answer 28

radiometric dating

Question 29

half-life

Answer 29

the time required for 50% of the parent isotope to decay

Question 30

T/F half-lives are affected by environmental variables but not temperature or pressure

Answer 30

False. half-lives are not affected by environmental variables, temperature, or pressure

Question 31

When an organism dies, it stops accumulating ____ and the amount of _______ in its tissues does not change over time. However, the ____ in its tissues slowly decays into ______. Thus, by measuring the ratio of ____ to ____ in a fossil, we can determine the fossil’s age.

Answer 31

carbon, Carbon-12, carbon-14, nitrogen-14, Carbon-12, Carbon-14

Question 32

If two volcanic layers surrounding fossils are determined to be 525 millions and 535million years old, how old are the fossils?

Answer 32

roughly 530 million years old

Question 33

A standard time scale that divides earth’s history into four eons and further subdivisions

Answer 33

geologic time scale

Question 34

Name the four eons in chronological order

Answer 34

Hadean, Archaean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic

Question 35

Name the four categories of the geologic time scale:

Answer 35

Eon -> Era -> Period -> Epoch

Question 36

The three eras of the Phanerozoic eon:

Answer 36

Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic

Question 37

“the age of reptiles” is what era?

Answer 37

Mesozoic (Phanerozoic)

Question 38

What era and eon are we in now?

Answer 38

Phanerozoic Eon -> Cenozoic Era

Question 39

In what Eon did prokaryotes appear?

Answer 39

Archaean Eon

Question 40

What marks the shift from the Archaean Eon into the Proterozoic Eon?

Answer 40

atmospheric oxygen

Question 41

Single-celled and multi-celled eukaryotes appeared in what eon?

Answer 41

Proterozoic

Question 42

The earliest direct evidence of life (3.5 maybe)

Answer 42

stromatolites

Question 43

layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together (why is this significant?)

Answer 43

stromatolites, earliest evidence of life

Question 44

Where are stromatolites to be found, nowadays?

Answer 44

shallow marine bays

Question 45

Know Table 25.1

Answer 45

Do you know it? Do you really?