CHAPTER 32 Flashcards
Digestive System Organology
1
Q
definition
- the digestive system is the system of the body concerned with the breakdown of _____ and absorption of _____
- it is also referred to as the following:
1. _____
2. _____
3. _____ - the organs of the digestive system exist as a _____ tube extending from the _____ to the _____
- the _____ lines the majority of the digestive tract in a _____ like fashion. it is part of the _____
A
food nutrients digestive tract gastrointestinal tract alimentary tract continuous oral cavity anus enteric nervous system web autonomic nervous system
2
Q
peritoneum
- the peritoneum is a _____, _____, _____ located in the abdomen
- -the portion of the peritoneum that lines the inner surface of the abdominal walls is called the _____
- -the portion of the peritoneum that is located on the surface of the organs of the abdomen is called the _____
- -the cavity between these two layers of peritoneum is called the _____; it is a potential space filled with a thin film of _____
- subdivisions
- -the entire peritoneal cavity is subdivided into _____
- -the _____ is the main portion of the peritoneal cavity. it extends from the _____ to the _____ and from the _____ to the _____
- -the _____ (_____) is a smaller portion of the peritoneal cavity located _____ to the _____ and extending upward behind the _____ and downward into the _____
- -the only opening between these two sacs is the _____ (of _____), which is bounded by the following
a. _____, _____, _____ (in lesser omentum)
b. _____ (inferiorly)
c. _____ (posteriorly)
d. _____ (superiorly) - _____ and _____ are reflexions of visceral peritoneum
- -the _____ extends from the liver to the _____ abdominal wall
- –it contains in its free edge the _____ (_____)
- -the _____ extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the _____, forming a _____ over the small intestines
- -the _____ extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the _____ and contains in its _____ free edge the _____, _____, and _____
- -the _____ supports and suspends the jejunum and ileum from the _____ abdominal wall
- -the _____ suspends the transverse colon from the _____ abdominal wall
- -the _____ suspends the sigmoid colon from the _____ abdominal wall
A
large highly folded serous membrane pariteal peritoneum visceral peritoneum peritoneal cavity fluid two sacs greater sac diaphragm pelvic floor anterior abdominal wall posterior abdominal wall lesser sac (omental bursa) posterior stomach liver greater omentum epiploic foramen winslow portal vein hepatic artery proper bile duct duodenum inferior vena cava liver peritoneal folds membranes falciform ligament anterior round ligament of the liver obliterated umbilical vein greater omentum transverse colon fatty apron lesser omentum liver right bile duct portal vein hepatic artery proper mesentery posterior transverse mesocolon posteiror sigmoid mesocolon posterior
3
Q
peritoneum \_\_\_\_\_ are the structures located behind the peritoneum directly on the posterior abdominal wall 1. \_\_\_\_\_ 2. \_\_\_\_\_ 3. \_\_\_\_\_ 4. \_\_\_\_\_ 5. \_\_\_\_\_ 6. \_\_\_\_\_
A
retroperitoneal structures duodenum ascending colon descending colon pancreas kidney and ureter aorta and inferior vena cava
4
Q
digestive system structures
oral cavity
-the oral cavity is also referred to as the _____; it contains the _____, _____, and openings of the _____
–the _____ is a skeletal muscular organ that functions in the sense of _____, _____, and the movement of _____
–an adult human has _____ teeth of _____ types (_____, _____, _____, and _____)
–the three pairs of _____ are all exocrine glands since they are drained by a _____, all of which empty this gland secretions (_____) into the oral cavity
—the _____ is located just below the ear and drained by the parotid duct (_____ duct)
—the _____ is located just below the mandible and drained by the submandibular duct (_____ duct); this gland was formerly called the submaxillary gland
—the _____ is located just below the tongue and drained by the sublingual ducts (of _____ and _____)
A
mouth tongue teeth salivary glands tongue taste mastication food 32 4 incisors canines premolars molars salivary glands duct saliva parotid gland stensen's submandibular gland Whartons sublingual gland bartholin rivinus
5
Q
pharynx
- the pharynx is composed of _____
- it functions in _____
- it is divided into three parts:
1. _____ posterior to the nasal cavity
2. _____ posterior to the oral cavity
3. _____ posterior to the larynx - –the laryngopharynx is continuous with the _____
- –this is also called the _____ clinically
A
skeletal muscle swallowing nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx esophagus hypopharynx
6
Q
esophagus
- the esophagus is a _____ extending _____ cm from the lower end of the pharynx (_____) to the _____ of the stomach _____ inferiorly
- it exhibits three regional parts
1. the _____ part is in the neck, where it lies _____ to the _____
2. the _____ part is in the thorax, where it lies _____ to the _____ in the upper half and _____ to the _____ in the lower half of the thorax
3. the _____ part, after piercing the diaphragm at the _____ of the diaphragm, enters the abdomen - -it runs a short course in the abdomen and terminates by joining the _____ (_____)
-arterial supply of the esophagus comes from _____ and _____ (_____) as well as superiorly from the _____ (_____, _____) and inferiorly from the _____ of the _____ (_____)
A
muscular tube 25 CV6 cardiac opening TV11 cervical posterior trachea thoracic posterior trachea posterior heart abdominal esophageal opening stomach gastroesophageal junction esophageal bronchial branches aorta inferior thyroid thyrocervical trunk subclavian artery esophageal branches left gastric celiac trunk
7
Q
stomach
- the stomach is the digestive organ responsible for the _____ of _____
- it presents three parts:
1. the _____ is the part of the stomach above the level of entrance of the _____
2. the body is located between the _____ and the _____ of the stomach. it comprises the main mass of the stomach
3. the _____ part extends toward the _____ from the lower part of the body of the stomach - -it ends at the _____, which is the opening between the stomach and the first part of the duodenum
- -the pyloric opening is surrounded by a _____ termed the _____
A
storage food fundus esophagus fundus pyloric part pyloric right pyloric opening circular smooth muscle pyloric sphincter
8
Q
the stomach presents two curvatures
- _____ is the name given to the margin of the stomach that courses over the _____ and inferiorly on the _____ side of the stomach to the inferior side of the _____
- -the greater curvature is a _____ curve in its entirety
- -attached to the greater curvature is the _____, which is a connective tissue structure that is embedded with _____ and is located between the _____ and the _____
- _____ is the name given to the margin that is located on the _____ side of the stomach, its curvature being _____
- -attached to the lesser curvature is the _____, which is also a _____ structure in which fat is embedded but is located between the _____ and the _____
A
greater curvature fundus left pyloris convex greater omentum fat stomach transverse colon lesser curvature right concave lesser omentum connective tissue stomach liver
9
Q
the stomach presents openings:
- the _____ is between the cavity of the esophagus and the cavity of the stomach
- -it is located at the _____ junction of the _____ and _____ curvatures
- -it is called cardiac because of its close relationship with the part of the _____ upon which the _____ rests
- the _____ is between the stomach and the first part of the _____
- -it is surrounded by a _____ termed the _____
- the internal surface of the stomach presents folds called _____
- arterial supply to the stomach arises from the _____ and _____, _____ and _____ and _____ arteries
A
cardiac opening upper greater lesser diaphragm heart pyloric opening duodenum circular smooth muscle pyloric sphincter rugae right left gastric short gastric right left gastroepiploic arteries
10
Q
small intestine
- the small intestine is the part of the intestine between the _____ (where it is connected to the stomach) and the _____ (where it joints the large intestine)
- its length is approximately _____
- its diameter gradually _____ through its length
- it is subdivided into three parts:
1. the _____ is the first part of the small intestine, which extends from the _____ to where it joins the _____ - -it is a _____ shaped organ, with its _____ medial border receiving the openings of ducts draining the _____, _____, and _____
- -the duodenum is divided into four parts:
- –_____ or _____
- –_____ or _____ (receives _____ and _____)
- –_____ or _____
- –_____ or _____ (courses upward to the _____ of the duodenum or _____, where it leads to the deodenojejunal flexure)
-arterial supply to the duodenum from _____ arise from the _____ and _____ (_____). additional branches arise from the _____
- the _____ is the proximal _____ of the remainder of the small intestine. it is supplied by _____ of the SMA
- the _____ is the distal _____ of the remainder of the small intestine. _____ of the _____ from the SMA supply this segment
- no morphological line of _____ exists between the two portions
- the jejunum and ileum are highly coiled structures that are surrounded and suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a _____ called the _____
A
pyloric sphincter ileocecal junciton 7m diminishes duodenum pyloric sphincter jejunum C concave liver gall bladder pancreas first superior second descending bile pancreatic juices third horizontal fourth ascending suspensory ligament suspensory ligament of treitz pancreaticoduodenal arteries gastroduodenal superior mesenteric arteries SMA gastroduodenal arteries jejunum two fifths jejunal branches ileum three fifths ileal branches ileocolic artery demarcation connective tissue structure mesentery
11
Q
ileocecal junction
- the ileocecal junction is the junction of the _____ part of the _____ and the _____ of the _____
- the opening between the lumen of the ileum and the lumen of the cecum is the _____, and is guarded by the _____
- -large intestine or _____
- –the large intestine or colon is that part of the intestine extending from the _____ to the _____
- –it is subdivided into the following parts:
a. the _____ is the part of the large intestine that lies at and below the level of entrance of the ileum
b. the _____ is a lymphatic organ attached to the _____ surface of the cecum
c. the _____ is the portion of the large intestine that extends _____ from the _____ side of the posterior abdominal wall to the _____ - -because it cannot course _____ the liver, it bends, forming the _____ or _____, and flexes to the left
d. the _____ is the portion of the large intestine that extends from the right colic flexure on the _____ side of the abdomen to the _____ on the left side - -when it reaches the _____, it will bend and course _____, forming the _____ or _____
- the _____ is the portion of the large intestine that extends from the left colic flexure _____ along the _____ side the posterior abdominal wall
- the _____ is the part of the large intestine that extends from the descending colon to the _____, where it is continuous with the _____
- -it forms a _____, the shape and position of which depend upon the _____
-the proximal portion of the colon to the splenic flexure is supplied by branches of the _____, namely the _____ to the _____, _____, and _____. the _____ supplies the ascending and transverse colon. the transverse colon is also supplied by the _____ (_____) and the _____ from the _____
- the distal portion of the colon is supplied by branches from the _____. its _____ also supplies the descending colon. its _____ supply the sigmoid colon. the termination of the IMA as the _____ supplies the rectum
- the _____ lie lateral to the ascending and descending colons, respectively
A
ileum portion small intestine cecum large intestine ileocecal opening ileocecal valve colon ileocecal junction anus cecum vermiform appendix posteromedial ascending colon superiorly right liver above right colic hepatic flexure transverse colon right spleen spleen inferiorly left colic splenic flexure descending colon inferiorly left sigmoid colon pelvis rectum loop degree of filling SMA ileocolic artery cecum appendix ascending colon right colic middle colic artery SMA left colic artery IMA IMA left colic artery 2-3 sigmoid arteries superior rectal artery right and left paracolic gutters
12
Q
rectum
- the rectum is the portion of the digestive system between the _____ and the _____
- it narrows inferiorly, forming the _____
- the _____ is the boundary between the external environment and the internal environment at the anus
- the _____ or _____ is the boundary between the internal mucosa and the external epithelium. this marks the division between _____ above and _____ below, as well as _____ below and _____ above the _____ line
A
sigmoid colon anus anal canal anal verge pectinate dentate lines internal hemorrhoids external hemorrhoids greater sensitivity lesser sensitivity dentate
13
Q
anus
- the anus is a _____ located at the termination of the anal canal, which functions in the retention of _____
- arterial supply to the rectum and anus includes the _____ (inferior mesenteric), _____ ( internal iliac artery), and the _____ (internal pudendal artery)
A
sphincteric muscle feces superior rectal artery middle rectal artery inferior rectal artery
14
Q
vasculature of the abdomen
branches from the aorta:
1-8 name them
A
inferior phrenic arteries celiac trunk superior mesenteric artery suprarenal arteries renal arteries gonadal arteries inferior mesenteric artery common iliac arteries
15
Q
vessels associated with the digestive organs
- celiac trunk
- -the short celiac trunk arises from the _____ immediately below the _____ of the _____
- -it is embedded within the dense meshwork of nerves that constitute the _____
- -it gives rise to three named arteries: _____, _____, and _____
- –the left gastric artery is a _____ branch that courses toward the _____ and then along the _____ of the stomach
- —it gives off several _____
- –the splenic artery is a _____ branch of the trunk that has a _____ course along the upper margin of the pancreas as it courses to the _____
- —just before it ends it gives off many branches to the spleen
- –it gives off the _____ (_____) to the greater curvature of the stomach
- –it also gives off several _____ that supply the funds of the stomach
- –the common hepatic artery courses toward the _____ and divides into the _____ and the _____
- -the _____ ascends in the lesser omentum toward the liver
- –it gives off the _____ to the lesser curvature of the stomach and then divides into the _____ and _____, which supply the liver
- –the right hepatic artery gives off the _____ to the gall bladder
- -the gastroduodenal artery _____ behind the _____, where it gives off the _____ to the greater curvature of the stomach and _____ to the pancreas and duodenum
A
aorta aortic opening diaphragm celiac plexus left gastric artery splenic artery common hepatic artery small left lesser curvature esophageal branches large tortuous spleen left gastroepiploic (gastro-omental) artery short gastric arteries right hepatic artery proper gastroduodenal artery hepatic artery proper right gastric artery right hepatic artery left hepatic artery cystic artery descends duodenum right gastroepiploic artery pancreaticoduodenal arteries
16
Q
vessels associated with the digestive organs
superior mesenteric artery
-the superior mesenteric artery rises from the _____ just below the _____
–as its origin, it lies posterior to the _____
–it descends in front of the lower part of the _____, enters the _____, and supplies the _____
-its most proximal branch is a small _____ that supplies the pancreas and the duodenum
-it gives off _____ and _____ to the small intestine and the _____, _____, and _____ to the large intestine
inferior mesenteric artery
- the IMA arises from the _____ a free centimeters before its _____
- -it courses to the _____, branching as it does into the _____, _____, and _____
marginal artery of drummond
- the marginal artery of Drummond is formed by the extensive anastomosis of ascending and descending branches of the various arteries that supply the _____ (_____)
- it lies in proximity to the _____ of the _____
portal vein contains _____ blood from the digestive system organs. it is formed by its _____, the _____ and the _____. the inferior mesenteric vein drains into the _____. the portal vein drains directly into the _____
A
aorta celiac trunk pancreas duodenum mesentery small intestine pancreaticoduodenal artery jejunal ileal branches ileocolic right colic middle colic arteries aorta bifurcation large intestine left colic sigmoid superior rectal arteries large intestine colon inner margin colon nutrient-rich two tributaries splenic vein superior mesenteric vein splenic vein liver
17
Q
lymphatics of the abdomen
- lymph from most organs drain into nodes that are named after and lie in relation to that specific organ, for example, hepatic nodes of the liver
- -many nodes are also named according to the _____ they lie near, such as the inferior mesenteric nodes, which lie on the inferior mesenteric vessels
-the channel of lymph is from organs and then along the vessels toward the _____ nodes; from the celiac nodes, lymph drains into the _____ and then into the _____
A
blood vessels
celiac
cisterna chyli
thoracic duct
18
Q
associated glands of the digestive system
liver
-the liver is the largest _____ in the body; it is an _____ that produces a substance called _____, which is conveyed via ducts to the _____
-it presents two surfaces:
–the _____ (superior) surface is related to the right dome of the diaphragm
–the _____ (inferior) surface is adjacent to the abdominal viscera
—this surface presents the four lobes of the liver: _____, _____, _____, and _____
- the structures that enter and exit the liver (right and left _____, _____, and right and left _____) do so at the _____, at the junction of the four lobes
- -the hepatic veins do not exit here, they exit the _____
- -_____ blood that supplies the liver enters via the _____
- -_____ and _____ blood enters the liter via the portal vein
A
gland exocrine gland bile duodenum diaphragmatic visceral right left quadrate caudate hepatic arteries portal vein hepatic ducts superior liver oxygenated hepatic arteries nutrient rich oxygen poor
19
Q
gall bladder
- the gall bladder is located on the _____ surface of the liver between the _____ lobe and the _____ lobe
- _____ is stored and _____ here
- the gall bladder is supplied by the _____
A
visceral right quadrate bile concentrated cystic artery
20
Q
pancreas
- the pancreas is both an _____ and an _____ gland
- -as an exocrine gland, it produces _____ that pass via a duct on the _____
- -as an endocrine gland, it produces the hormone _____
- anatomically, it presents the following parts
- -a _____ is located in the concavity of the duodenum
- -the _____ courses from the head toward the left across the vertebrae
- -the _____ is the left end of the gland, which approximates the _____
- its main portion drains _____ via the _____ into the _____. Its smaller upper part drains pancreatic juices via the _____ into the _____
- many arteries supply the pancreas including _____ branches from the _____ and _____ primarily to the head. the _____ also supplies the body and tail of the pancreas
A
endocrine exocrine digestive enzymes duodenum insulin head body tail spleen pancreatic juices main pancreatic duct major duodenal papilla accessory duct of santorini minor duodenal papilla pancreaticoduodenal gastroduodenal SMA splenic artery
21
Q
duct system
- the right half of the liver is drained by the _____, and the left half of the liver is drained by the _____
- -these two ducts join to form the _____
- the gall bladder is drained by the _____
- the cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct to form the _____; this may also be called the _____
- -an _____ is typically present
- -this drains into the _____, which lies superior to the _____
- the bile duct and pancreatic duct join to form the _____ (_____)
- -it opens through the _____, which opens into the duodenum at the _____
A
right hepatic duct left hepatic duct common hepatic duct cystic duct bile duct common bile duct accessory pancreatic duct minor duodenal papilla major duodenal papilla hepatopancreatic ampulla (of vater) sphincter of oddi major duodenal papilla
22
Q
spleen
- the spleen acts like a large _____ with additional functions
- it is located in the _____ of the abdomen
- it lies to the _____ of the _____, under the _____ and deep to the _____
- the _____ provides arterial supply to the spleen
A
lymph node left upper quadrant left pancreatic tail diaphragm lower left ribs splenic artery
