Chapter 31 Properties and Effects Flashcards
A material with a pH value less than 7.
Acid
“Right now” exposures that produce observable signs such as eye irritation, coughing, dizziness, and skin burns.
Acute exposure
Health problems caused by relatively short exposure periods to a harmful substance that produces observable conditions such as eye irritation, coughing, dizziness, and skin burns.
Acute health effects
Positively charged particles emitted by certain radioactive materials, identical to the nucleus of a helium atom.
Alpha particles
A material with a pH value greater than 7.
Base
Elementary particles, emitted from a nucleus during radioactive decay, with a single electrical charge and a mass equal to that of a proton.
Beta particles
Boiling liquid/expanding vapor explosion; an explosion that occurs when pressurized liquefied materials (e.g., propane or butane) inside a closed vessel are exposed to a source of high heat.
BLEVE
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
Boiling point
Measurable characteristics of a chemical, such as its vapor density, flammability, corrosivity, and water reactivity.
Chemical and physical properties
Any chemical change or chemical degradation, occurring inside or outside a containment vessel.
Chemical reaction
The ability of a chemical to undergo an alteration in its chemical make-up, usually accompanied by a release of some form of energy.
Chemical reactivity
An adverse health effect occurring after a long-term exposure to a substance.
Chronic health hazard
A material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will ignite and burn; a material that does not meet the definition of noncombustible or limited-combustible.
Combustibles
The process of transferring a hazardous material, or the hazardous component of a weapon of mass destruction (WMD), from its source to people, animals, the environment, or equipment, which can act as a carrier.
Contamination
The ability of a material to cause damage (on contact) to skin, eyes, or other parts of the body.
Corrosivity
A description of the volume increase that occurs when a liquid changes to a gas.
Expansion ratio
The process by which people, animals, the environment, property, and equipment are subjected to or come in contact with a hazardous material/weapon of mass destruction (WMD). (NFPA 1072)
Exposure
The lowest temperature at which a liquid will ignite and achieve sustained burning when exposed to a test flame in accordance with ASTM D 92, Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester. (NFPA 1)
Fire point
Capable of sustaining a chain reaction using neutrons at any level.
Fissile
The range of concentrations between the lower and upper flammable limits.
Flammable range (explosive limit)
The minimum temperature at which a liquid or a solid emits vapor sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid or the solid. (NFPA 115)
Flash point
High-energy short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation.
Gamma radiation
Capable of causing harm or posing an unreasonable risk to life, health, property, or environment.
Hazard
Minimum temperature a substance should attain in order to ignite under specific test conditions.
Ignition temperature
Radiation of sufficient energy to alter the atomic structure of materials or cells with which it interacts, including electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays, gamma rays, and microwaves and particulate radiation such as alpha and beta particles.
Ionizing radiation
Substances (such as mace) that can be dispersed to briefly incapacitate a person or groups of people. _________ cause pain and a burning sensation to exposed skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
Irritants
The concentration of a material in air that, based on laboratory tests (inhalation route), is expected to kill a specified number of the group of test animals when administered over a specified period of time.
Lethal concentration (LC)
A single dose that causes the death of a specialized number of the group of test animals exposed by any route other than inhalation.
Lethal dose (LD)
The minimum concentration of combustible vapor or combustible gas in a mixture of the vapor or gas and gaseous oxidant above which propagation of flame will occur on contact with an ignition source. (NFPA 115)
Lower explosive limit (LEL)
Penetrating particles found in the nucleus of the atom that are removed through nuclear fusion or fission. Although neutrons are not radioactive, exposure to them can create radiation.
Neutrons
Electromagnetic waves capable of causing a disturbance of activity at the atomic level but that do not have sufficient energy to break bonds and create ions.
Non-ionizing radiation
An expression of the amount of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
pH
A transformation in which a material changes its state of matter—for instance, from a liquid to a solid.
Physical change
The process of reacting monomers together in a chain reaction to form polymers.
Polymerization
Fluid build-up in the lungs.
Pulmonary edema
The combined process of emission, transmission, and absorption of energy traveling by electromagnetic wave propagation (e.g., infrared radiation) between a region of higher temperature and a region of lower temperature.
Radiation
A variation of an element created by an imbalance in the numbers of protons and neutrons in an atom of that element.
Radioactive isotope
The spontaneous decay or disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus accompanied by the emission of radiation. (NFPA 801)
Radioactivity
The process by which a contaminant is carried out of the hot zone and contaminates people, animals, the environment, or equipment. Also referred to as cross-contamination.
Secondary contamination
A chemical that causes a large percentage of people or animals to develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure.
Sensitizer
A substance (usually liquid) capable of dissolving or dispersing another substance; a chemical compound designed and used to convert solidified grease into a liquid or semiliquid state in order to facilitate a cleaning operation.
Solvents
The weight of a liquid as compared to water.
Specific gravity
The physical state of a material—solid, liquid, or gas.
State of matter
The degree to which a substance is harmful to humans.
Toxicity
Hazardous chemical compounds that are released when a material decomposes under heat.
Toxic products of combustion
The maximum amount of gaseous fuel that can be present in the air if the air/fuel mixture is to be flammable or explosive.
Upper explosive limit (UEL)
The gas phase of a substance, particularly of those that are normally liquids or solids at ordinary temperatures.
Vapor
The weight of an airborne concentration (vapor or gas) as compared to an equal volume of dry air.
Vapor density
The pressure, measured in pounds per square inch, absolute (psia), exerted by a liquid, as determined by ASTM D 323, Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (NFPA 1)
Vapor pressure
The ability of a substance to dissolve in water.
Water solubility
The characteristics of a chemical that are measurable are
A. physical properties.
B. chemical properties.
C. states of matter.
D. radiation agents.
A. physical properties.
The first step in understanding the hazard of any chemical involves identifying
A. physical properties.
B. chemical properties.
C. states of matter.
D. radiation agents
C. states of matter.
The expansion ratio is a description of the volume increase that occurs when a material changes
from
A. a liquid to a solid.
B. a solid to a gas.
C. a solid to a liquid.
D. a liquid to a gas.
D. a liquid to a gas.
The ability of a chemical to undergo a change in its chemical make-up, usually with a release of
some form of energy, is a
A. property change.
B. physical change.
C. chemical change.
D. change of state.
C. chemical change
Steel rusting and wood burning are examples of
A. physical changes.
B. chemical changes.
C. vaporization.
D. ionization.
B. chemical changes
The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas is the
A. flash point.
B. vaporization point.
C. boiling point.
D. gas point.
C. boiling point.
The weight of an airborne concentration as compared to an equal volume of dry air is the
A. vapor density.
B. vapor ratio.
C. flammable range.
D. explosive ratio.
A. vapor density.
Air has a set vapor density value of
A. 0.59.
B. 1.0.
C. 2.4.
D. 3.8.
B. 1.0.
The vapor pressure at the standard atmospheric pressure of 20 °C can be expressed in pounds per
square inch, atmospheres, and millimeters of mercury as follows:
A. 14.7 psi= 1 atm = 760 torr= 1 mm Hg.
B. 1 psi= 0.59 atm = 760 torr= 10 mm Hg.
C. 10 psi= 1 atm = 550 torr= 0.59 mm Hg.
D. 14.7 psi= 100 atm = 30 torr= 100 mm Hg.
A. 14.7 psi=1 atm = 760 torr= 1mm Hg.
The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is known as its
A. expansion ratio.
B. dissolvability.
C. water solubility.
D. dispersement value.
C. water solubility.
pH is an expression of the concentration of
A. hydrogen ions in a given substance.
B. acid ions in a given substance.
C. oxygen ions in a given substance.
D. base ions in a given substance.
A. hydrogen ions in a given substance.
Common acids have pH values that are
A. equal to zero.
B. greater than 7.
C. equal to 7.
D. less than 7.
D. less than 7.
Bases have pH values that are
A. equal to zero.
B. greater than 7.
C. equal to 7.
D. less than 7.
B. greater than 7.
The hazardous chemical compounds released when a material decomposes under heat are known as
A. carcinogens.
B. alpha particles.
C. toxic products of combustion.
D. beta particles.
C. toxic products of combustion.
The nucleus of a radioactive isotope includes an unstable configuration of
A. protons and neutrons.
B. electrons and protons.
C. electrons and neutrons.
D. protons, electrons, and neutrons.
A. protons and neutrons.
Which is the least penetrating of the three types of radiation?
A. Alpha particles
B. Beta particles
C. Gamma radiation
D. Neutrons
A. Alpha particles
When a person or object transfers contamination to another person or object by direct contact, what is this
A. Contamination by association
B. Secondary exposure
C. Direct contamination
D. Secondary contamination
D. Secondary contamination
Exposure to which of the following substances prevents the body from using oxygen?
A. Chlorine
B. Cyanide
C. Lewisite
D. Sarin
B. Cyanide
Phosgene is a
A. nerve agent.
B. blistering agent.
C. choking agent.
D. blood agent.
C. choking agent.
Which type of exposure occurs when harmful substances are brought into the body through the respiratory system?
A. Ingestion exposure
B. Inhalation exposure
C. Absorption exposure
D. Injection exposure
B. Inhalation exposure
Adverse health effects caused by long-term exposure to a substance are termed a(n)
A. acute health hazards.
B. chronic health hazards.
C. long-term disablers.
D. overexposure.
B. chronic health hazards.
Which type of chemical causes a substantial proportion of exposed people to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to that chemical?
A. Sensitizer
B. Irritant
C. Convulsant
D. Containment
A. Sensitizer
If the state of matter and physical properties of a chemical are known, a fire fighter can ________ what the substance will do if it escapes its container.
predict
Chemicals can undergo a(n) _________ change when subjected to outside influences such as heat, cold, and pressure.
physical
Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is _______ pounds per square inch.
14.7
The flash point of gasoline is ____________.
-43 degrees F
_______ is the minimum temperature at which a liquid or a solid emits vapor sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air.
Flash point
The _________ temperature is the minimum temperature at which a substance will ignite without an external ignition source.
ignition
Most flammable liquids will _______ on water.
float
The periodic table illustrates all the known _______ that make up every known compound.
elements
_______ particles can break chemical bonds, creating ions; therefore they are considered ionizing radiation.
Beta
Chemicals that are capable of causing seizures are classified as _______.
convulsants
True/False
A physical change is essentially a change in state; a chemical change results in an alteration of the chemical nature of the material.
True
True/False
Water has an expansion rate of 100:1 and a boiling point of 100 °F.
False
True/False
Diesel fuel has a higher flash point than does gasoline.
True
True/False
The wider the flammable range, the more dangerous the material.
True
True/False
Vapor pressure directly correlates to the speed at which a material will evaporate once it is released from its container.
True
True/False
Radioactive isotopes can be detected by the noise and odors they give off.
False
True/False
The nucleus of an atom is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
False
True/False
A hazard is a material capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, or the environment.
True
True/False
Nerve agents attack the central nervous system.
True
True/False
A chemical brought into the body through an open cut is an injection exposure.
True
