Chapter 13 Ventilation Flashcards
Open space within walls for wires and pipes.
Chase
The concealed space between the top-floor ceiling and the roof of a building.
Cockloft
The movement of heat and smoke from the higher pressure within the fire area toward the lower pressure areas accessible via doors, window openings, and roof structures.
Flow path
A fire in which the heat release rate and fire growth are controlled by the characteristics of the fuel because there is adequate oxygen available for combustion.
Fuel-limited fire
Connecting plate made of a thin sheet of steel used to connect the components of a truss.
Gusset plate
The opening or removal of windows or doors on any floor of a fire building to create flow paths for fire conditions.
Horizontal ventilation
Ventilation that relies on the movement of air caused by a fog stream that is placed 2 to 4 (0.6 to 1.2 m) in front of an open window.
Hydraulic ventilation
A cut that is the width and depth of the saw blade. It is used to inspect cockloft spaces from the roof.
Kerf cut
Thin strips of wood used to make the supporting structure for roof tiles.
Lath
A cut that is made using power saws and axes to cut along and between roof supports so that the sections created can be tilted into the opening.
Louver cut
A process of removing heat, smoke, and gases from a fire area by using exhaust fans, blowers, air-conditioning systems, or smoke ejectors.
Mechanical ventilation
The flow of air or gases created by the difference in the pressures or gas densities between the outside and inside of a vent, room, or space.
Natural ventilation
Ventilation that relies on electric fans to pull or draw the air from a structure or area.
Negative-pressure ventilation
The interface at a vent, such as a doorway or a window opening, between the hot gas flowing out of a fire compartment where the pressure difference between the interior and exterior is equal.
Neutral plane
The part of a wall entirely above the roofline.
Parapet
A ventilation opening that runs along the top of a pitched roof.
Peak cut
The use of positive-pressure fans to control the flow of products of combustion while fire suppression efforts are underway.
Positive-pressure attack
Ventilation that relies on fans to push or force clean air into a structure after a structure fire has been controlled.
Positive-pressure ventilation
The main ventilation opening made in a roof to allow smoke, heat, and gases to escape.
Primary cut
The membrane, which may also be the roof assembly, that resists fire and provides weather protection to the building against water infiltration, wind, and impact.
Roof covering
The rigid portion of roof between the roof supports and the roof covering.
Roof decking
An additional ventilation opening made for the purpose of creating a larger opening or limiting fire spread.
Secondary cut
A ventilation opening that is usually about 8 ft by 4 ft (1.2 m by 2.4 m) in size; it is primarily used for large commercial buildings with flat roofs.
Seven, nine, eight (7,9,8) rectangular cut
A mechanical device, similar to a large fan, that can be used to force heat, smoke, and gases from a post-fire environment and draw in fresh air.
Smoke ejectors
The condition in which smoke hangs low to the ground because of the presence of cold air.
Smoke inversion
The process of striking a roof with a tool to determine where the roof supports are located.
Sounding
The vertical air flow within buildings caused by the temperature-created density differences between the building interior and exterior or between two interior spaces.
Stack effect
Another term for a trench cut.
Strip cut
An offensive fire attack initiated by an exterior, indirect handline operation into the fire compartment to initiate cooling while transitioning into interior direct fire attack in coordination with ventilation operations.
Transitional attack
A roof cut that is made from one load-bearing wall to another load-bearing wall and that is intended to prevent horizontal fire spread in a building.
Trench cut
A triangle-shaped ventilation cut in the roof decking that is made using a saw or an axe.
Triangular cut
The type of construction in which the fire walls, structural elements, walls, arches, floors, and roofs are of approved noncombustible or limited-combustible materials that have a specified fire resistance.
Type I construction (fire resistive)
The type of construction in which the fire walls, structural elements, walls, arches, floors, and roofs are of approved noncombustible or limited-combustible materials without fire resistance.
Type II construction (noncombustible)
The type of construction in which exterior walls and are approved noncombustible or limited-combustible materials and in which fire walls interior structural elements, walls, arches, floors, and roofs are entirely or partially of wood of smaller dimensions than required for Type IV construction or are of approved noncombustible, limited-combustible, or other approved combustible materials.
Type III construction (ordinary)
The type of construction in which fire walls, exterior walls, and interior bearing walls are of approved noncombustible or limited-combustible materials. Other interior structural elements, arches, floors, and roofs are constructed of solid or laminated wood or cross-laminated timber without concealed spaces within allowable dimensions of the building of the building code.
Type IV construction (heavy timber)
The type of construction in which structural elements, walls, arches, floors, and roofs are entirely or partially of wood or other approved material.
Type V construction (wood frame)
The controlled and coordinated removal of heat and smoke from a structure, replacing the escaping gases with fresh air.
Ventilation
A fire in which the heat release rate and fire growth are regulated to the available oxygen within the space.
Ventilation-limited fire
The vertical venting of structures involving the opening of bulkhead doors, skylights, scuttles, and roof cutting operations to release smoke and heat from inside the fire building.
Vertical ventilation
The process of removing smoke, heat, and toxic gases from a burning building ts called
A. ventilation.
B. convection.
C. conduct ion.
D. smoke inversion.
A. ventilation.
As a fire progresses and grows, it produces smoke heat and toxic gases, which are collectively known as the
A. products of combustion.
B. products of ventilation.
C. ejectors.
D. exhaust
A. products of combustion.
The transfer of heat through liquid or gas is called
A. churning.
B. c onduction.
C. leap-frogging.
D. convection.
D. convection.
A vertical space within a wall where heat and toxic gases can climb to a higher level is a
A. gap.
B. convener.
C. chase.
D. space.
C. chase.
When smoke, heat, and gases cannot fmd a vertical path, they
A. roll
B. mushroom
C. flow.
D. venulate.
B. mushroom
A backdraft occurs when smoke, heat. and gases accumulate with a rich supply of partially burned fuels and are suddenly introduced to
A. a flame
B. increased temperature.
C. clean air.
D. open fuels.
C. clean air.
Which type of ventilation occurs when fans are used to pull smoke through openings?
A. Positive-pressure ventilation
B. Natural ventilation
C. Hydraulic ventilation
D. Negative-pressure ventilation
D. Negative-pressure ventilation
Which type of ventilation occurs when fans are used to push clean air into a space to displace smoke?
A. Positive-pressure ventilation
B. Natural ventilation
C. Hydraulic ventilation
D. Negative-pressure ventilation
A. Positive-pressure ventilation
In a heated high-rise building, on a cold day there will probably be
A. a strong downdraft.
B. a strong updraft.
C. an increase m air movement
D. greater resistance lo air movement.
B. a strong updraft.
If it is safe to do so, ventilation operations should be conducted
A. in front of the fire.
B. beside the fire.
C. as close to the fire as possible.
D. as soon as possible.
C. as close to the fire as possible.
Horizontal ventilation is most effecuve when the opening goes direclly
A. to another space wnhin the structure.
B. into a stairwell.
C. into the space where the fire is located.
D. past the attack team.
C. into the space where the fire is located.
When fire fighters need quick or immediate ventilation, they often use
A. natural ventilation.
B. mechanical ventilation.
C. hydraulic ventilation.
D. vertical ventilation
A. natural ventilation.
When breaking glass for ventilation purposes, the fire fighter should always use a(n)
A. “All clear” call.
B. hand tool
C. hose line
D. safety break before splintering
B. hand tool
Thermopane windows are more energy efficient and
A. are more heal resistant
B. are less heat resistant
C. are easier to break
D. provide greater ventilation
A. are more heal resistant
Negative-pressure ventilation fans are called
A. ventilators
B. conductors
C. smoke ejectors
D. HVAC sys1ems
C. smoke ejectors
_______ fans are powered by internal combustion engines and can increase carbon monoxide levels if they run for significant periods of time after the fire is extinguished.
A. Negauve-pressure
B. Honzontal
C. Mechanical
D. Positve-pressure
D. Positve-pressure
Hydraulic ventilation is most useful for cleaning smoke and heat out of a room because it creates
A. a low-pressure area behind the nozzle
B. a high-pressure area behind the nozzle
C. a mist that traps smoke particles and heat.
D. water vapor
A. a low-pressure area behind the nozzle
Ventilation openings should never be
A. opened direclly into the atmosphere.
B. between the fire fighters and the escape route.
C. created without IC direction
D. opened before proper sounding.
B. between the fire fighters and the escape route.
All roofs have two major componems:
A. a support structure and a roof shoring.
B. beams and rafters.
C. a support structure and a roof covering.
D. a platform and a suppon system
C. a support structure and a roof covering.
Trusses are connected with heavy-duty staples or by
A. triangular plates.
B. gusset plates.
C. plate locks.
D. truss plates.
B. gusset plates.
A bearing wall is used
A. as an exterior wall.
B. to support the weight or a floor or roof.
C. as an interior wall.
D. to extend the firewall
B. to support the weight or a floor or roof.
Which type or roof has a visible slope for rain or snow runoff?
A. Bowstring roof
B. Arched roof
C. Flat roof
D. Pitched roof
D. Pitched roof
A triangular examination hole created with three small cuts is a
A. kerf cul.
B. rectangular cut.
C. louver cut.
D. triangular cut.
D. triangular cut.
A cut that can create a large opening quickly and is parucularly stable for flat or sloping roofs with plywood decking is a
A. kerf cul.
B. rectangular cut.
C. louver cut.
D. triangular cut.
C. louver cut.
A cut that works well on metal roofing because it prevents the decking from rolling away is a
A. kerf cut.
B. rectangular cut.
C. louver cut.
D. triangular cut.
D. triangular cut.
_______ ventilation takes advantage of the doors and windows on the same level as the fire, as well as any other horizontal openings that are available.
Horizontal
_______ is when the smoke or heat rises to reach a horizontal barrier and then begins to move out and back down
Mushrooming
Positive-pressure fans operate at a(n) _______ velocity to increase the air pressure in a space
high
Fire fighters should be _______ from the ventilation openings so the wind will push the heat and smoke away
upwind
The collapse of a(n) ______ truss roof is usually very sudden; for this reason, the presence of such a roof must be noted during preincident planning.
bowstring
_________ ventilation creates a large opening ahead of the fire to reduce the fuel for the fire to spread and increase smoke and gas now out of a building.
Trench cut
_________, _________ , and _________ are powerful natural factors that can greatly affect ventilation.
Wind, temperature, humidity
_________ windows are used to increase the energy efficiency of a structure.
Thermopane
_______ ventilation is most useful after a fire is under control.
Hydraulic
The most obvious risk to fire fighters performing vertical ventilation is _________.
roof callapse
True/False
Vertical ventilation operations often involve opcning or brcaking a window.
False
True/False
During ventilation, cutting several smaller holes is better than makmg one large hole.
False
True/False
When carrying tools up a ladder, hold the beam of the ladder instead or the rungs
True
True/False
The type of roof construction is a major factor that is considered when fire fighters are determimng which type of cut to use.
True
True/False
A strong concern that arises when structures have metal roofs is the release of flammable vapors, which can be the result of leaking roof coverings.
True
Basement fires are ofien easy to ventilate, because the smoke, heat, and gases can rise only within the structure.
False
True/False
HVAC or other building systems can cause fire to spread through leap-frogging.
False
True/False
Ventilation should occur as close to the fire as possible.
True
True/False
Backdrafts are the results of negative ventilation.
False
True/False
Smoke can be cooled with automatic sprinkler systems.
True
