Chapter 30& 31 Vocab Flashcards
A natural solid substance with a definite geometric shape.
Crystal
Two minerals with the same elements, but the elements are bonded together differently.
Polymorphs
A means of determining the hardness of a substance (1-10) diamond-hardest(10)
Talc-softest (1)
Mohs scale of harness
Splitting of minerals along smooth, flat surfaces.
Cleavage
The breaking of a mineral somewhere other than the cleavage plane.
Fracture
How’s a mineral appears when it reflects light.
Luster
The color of a mineral when it’s in powdered form.
Streak
A measure of density. Describes the change in the volume of water when a dense solid is placed in it.
Specific Gravity
Contain mostly silicon and oxygen. Most common are Quartz and feldspar.
Silicates
Contain oxygen and a metal. Industrial metal ores.
Oxides
Contains carbon and oxygen (co3) most common- calcium corbonate (limestone)
Carbonate
Contains sulfur and a metal. (Pyrite)
Sulfides
Contain sulfur, oxygen, and a metal. (Gypsum)
Sulfates
Molten rock from the Earth’s interior.
Magma
Come from magma. Make up 95% of rocks in the Earth’s crust. (Basalt and granite)
Igneous rocks
Formed from pieces of other rocks (erosion). Sandstone, shale, limestone.
Sedimentary rock
Formed from pre-existing rocks and extreme hear or pressure. (Marble, slate)
Metamorphic Rock
Formed at the earths surface.
Extrusive igneous rocks
Molten material that forms from magma on the earths surface.
Lava
Lava that pours out onto the earths surface through a central vent.
Volcano
Built from layers of lava. Broad based and gently sloping sides. Very large. (Mauna Loa)
Shield cone
Very steep sides. Built from ashes, cinders, and rock. Relatively short. (300m)
Cinder cones
Consist of alternating layers of lava, ash, and mud. Steep sides, very large. (Mt. Fuji, mt. St. Helens)
Composite cones
The funnel shaped pit at the top of a volcano.
Crater
A large basin shaped depression formed when an explosion destroys the upper portion of a volcano.
Caldera
Igneous rocks formed from magma that cools.
Intrusive igneous rocks
Vertical column of magma.
Dike
Horizontal layers of magma.
Sill
Push overlying rock layers upward.
Laccolith
Largest of all the igneous intrusions.
Batholith
Physically breaking rocks into smaller pieces.
Mechanical weathering
Chemical reactions with water that decomposes rock.
Chemical weathering
The process of transporting weathered rock by water, wind, or ice.
Erosion
Rock particles are deposited one layer at a time horizontally.
Sedimentation
Composed of microscopic pieces
Whale
.05-2mm grains of sand.
Sandstone
Composed of gravel sized particles.
Conglomerate
Limestone and evaporites.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
The process of changing one kind of rock into another due to a high temp and/or pressure.
Metamorphism
The rocks surrounding a magma intrusion are changed to metamorphic rock.
Contact metamorphism
Large areas of rock are changed due to the process of mountain building.
Regional metamorphism
Have layered mineral bands.
Foliated metamorphic rock
Comes from shale and created at low temps and pressure.
Slate
Forms at higher temps and pressure. Generally shiny in appearance.
Schist
Distinct alternating light and dark bands.
Gneiss
Lack banding patterns.
Nonfoliated metamorphic rock
Comes from limestone (building)
Marble
Comes from sandstone, variety of colors.
Quartzite
A process involving the formation, destruction, alteration, and reformation of rocks due to the earths natural processes.
Rock cycle
A naturally occurring inorganic substance whose atoms are chemically bonded in a specific crystalline structure.
Mineral
