Chapter 19 and 20

Question 1

Any element that emits radiation.

Answer 1

Radioactive

Question 2

1. are a combination of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

•generally don’t penetrate solid materials. Can cause damage to the surface of living tissue.

Answer 2

Alpha particles

Question 3

What are the three types of radioactivity?

Answer 3

Alpha particle , beta particle, gamma radiation

Question 4

Electron ejected from the nucleus of an atom.

•can penetrate light materials like paper or clothing but not denser materials like aluminum.

Answer 4

Beta particle

Question 5

Pure energy. It carries no electric charge and has no mass.

Answer 5

Gamma radiation

Question 6

Can penetrate most materials.
Generally the most harmful type of radiation.
Can be absorbed by lead.

Answer 6

Gamma radiation

Question 7

The process by which certain elements emit radiation.

Answer 7

Radioactivity

Question 8

What does excess exposure to radiation cause?

Answer 8

Mutations in a cell’s DNA and can cause cancer.

Question 9

The force of interaction between all nucleons. Effective only at close distances.

Answer 9

Strong nuclear force

Question 10

The changing of one element into another.

Answer 10

Transmutation

Question 11

Element loses an alpha particle the atomic number decreases by 2 and mass number drop by four.

Element loses a beta particle the atomic number increases by one and mass number stays constant.

Answer 11

Radioactive decay

Question 12

The time required for half the atoms in a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay.
The shorter the half life the faster the radioactive isotope decays.

Answer 12

Half life

Question 13

A means of measuring the remaining radioactive carbon fourteen and telling how old a substance is.
Carbon 14 half life- 5730 years
Accurate to 75,000 years

Answer 13

Carbon 14 dating

Question 14

The splitting of an atomic nucleus into fragments.

Answer 14

Nuclear fission

Question 15

A self sustaining reaction in which the products of one reaction cause more reactions in the substance.

Answer 15

Chain reaction

Question 16

The minimum mass of fissionable material in a nuclear reactor (or bomb) that will sustain a chain reaction.

Answer 16

Critical mass

Question 17

Contain 3 components: nuclear fuel, control rods, and liquid.

Answer 17

Nuclear fission reactors

Question 18

U-238 and 3% U- 235 (fuel rods)

Answer 18

Nuclear fuel

Question 19

Determine the number of neutrons available for the reaction to occur.

Answer 19

Control rods

Question 20

What is pressurized and heated by the fuel? It is transferred to heat and a second water system that generates steam that generates steam and turns a turbine to generate electricity. The two systems never mix.

Answer 20

Water- (this process converts nuclear energy to electrical energy)

Question 21

Special nuclear reactor that allows the transmutation of U-238 into a variety of over elements thereby generating more electricity.

Answer 21

Breeder reactor

Question 22

What happens as atoms split (U)?

Answer 22

The overall mass of the two fragments decreases. The mass that is lost is converted to energy.

Question 23

The combing of small nuclei into larger atoms and generating energy.

Answer 23

Nuclear fusion

Question 24

Fusion that occurs at very high temps. Sun.

Answer 24

Thermonuclear fusion