Chapter 3: Amino Acids and Their Polymerization

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

large molecules important for life

Question 2

Polymers

Answer 2

made from identical or similar building blocks strung together

Question 3

Monomers

Answer 3

building blocks of polymers; arranging monomers in different order provides diversity across macromolecules

Question 4

Dehydration Reactions

Answer 4

monomers link together to form polymers

Question 5

Hydrolysis

Answer 5

polymers break apart with water

Question 6

Enzymes

Answer 6

specialized proteins that mediate chemical reactions, such as dehydration reactions

Question 7

Protein _____ is related to protein ______

Answer 7

function, structure

Question 8

the many shapes and sizes of proteins reflect their amino acid _____ and _____.

Answer 8

compositions, sequence

Question 9

one polymeric macromolecular family is a ______

Answer 9

protein

Question 10

proteins are polymers whose monomeric subunits are _______

Answer 10

amino acids

Question 11

amino acids ____ in ______ environments

Answer 11

ionize, aqueous

Question 12

amino acids are defined by their ____ _____

Answer 12

side chains

Question 13

What are the three general types of side chains?

Answer 13

1. Charged- acidic (-) or basic (+); hydrophilic
2. Polar but not charged; hydrophilic
3. Nonpolar- usually a hydrocarbon; hydrophobic

Question 14

Nonpolar side chains

Answer 14

contain mostly C and H, which have roughly equal electonegativities. Electrons are evenly shared in bonds

Question 15

Polar (but not charged) side chains

Answer 15

contain a highly electronegative oxygen atom with a partial negative charge, making them polar

Question 16

Polypeptide

Answer 16

a chain of amino acids (protein)

Question 17

What gives proteins wide diversity?

Answer 17

there are only a set number of types of amino acids, but when a protein contains hundreds of amino acids, there are endless combinations

Question 18

Amino acid sequences are described from the _____ terminus to _____ terminus.

Answer 18

amino, carboxy

Question 19

Oligopeptides

Answer 19

chains with less than 50 amino acids

Question 20

Polypeptides

Answer 20

chains with more than 50 amino acids

Question 21

Residues

Answer 21

the conventional name for amino acids within a protein

Question 22

protein folding is _____ favorable and largely ______

Answer 22

energetically, autonomous

Question 23

amino acids polymerize when a bond forms between the ______ group of one amino acid and the ______ group of another

Answer 23

carboxyl, amino

Question 24

Peptide Bond

Answer 24

covalently link amino acids together into chains