Chapter 3

Question 1

______ posited a 4-stage model of cognitive development, based on the type of thinking that children engage in

Answer 1

Piaget

Question 1

Birth to 2 years

Answer 1

Sensorimotor stage

Question 2

Ages 2 to 7

Answer 2

Preoperational stage

Question 3

Ages 7 to 12

Answer 3

Concrete operational stage

Question 4

Ages 12 and up

Answer 4

Formal operational stage

Question 5

During this stage, children primarily learn about their environment through their senses and motor activities

Answer 5

Sensorimotor stage

Question 6

During this stage children use mental representations, rather than the physical appearance of objects or people

Answer 6

The Preoperational Stage

Question 7

During this stage, children are more capable of solving problems because they can consider numerous outcomes and perspectives

Answer 7

The Concrete Operational Stage

Question 8

Abstract thought characterizes this stage

Answer 8

The Formal Operational Stage

Question 9

___________ emphasizes relationships in cognitive development. This includes language and culture

Answer 9

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory

Question 10

__________ consider complex interactions between factors that may impact development. They argue that developmental changes are usually non-linear

Answer 10

Dynamic Systems theories

Question 11

Piaget argued that before ~8 months of age, infants lack the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when out of view

Answer 11

Object permance

Question 12

When infants will continue to look for a hidden object where it was last found, rather than the new location in which it was hidden

Answer 12

A-not-B error

Question 13

the use of symbols (e.g., words and images) and mental representations of objects or events to represent the world

Answer 13

Symbolic thought

Question 14

Children perceive the world from only their own point of view and have difficulty taking the perspective of others

Answer 14

egocentric

Question 15

Children tend to focus on only one feature of an object, which leads them to ignore other features

Answer 15

centration

Question 16

cognitive development is shaped by the _______ (Vygotsky)

Answer 16

social context

Question 17

children start out using __________ – speech spoken aloud to oneself

Answer 17

private speech

Question 18

divide into smaller tasks, added structure, physical tools, feedback, questions about the task

Answer 18

Direct scaffolding

Question 19

creating an environment that supports learning (within a classroom, in swimming lessons, etc.)

Answer 19

Indirect scaffolding

Question 20

a cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily

Answer 20

working memory

Question 21

the processes that allow an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information

Answer 21

selective attention

Question 22

when one person purposefully coordinates his or her focus of attention with that of another person

Answer 22

joint attention