Chapter 1

Question 1

Great thinkers such as _______________ raised basic questions about child development

Answer 1

Plato, Aristotle, Locke, and Rousseau

Question 2

Every aspect of development, from the most specific behaviour to the most general trait, reflects people’s _________ and ________

Answer 2

nature and nurture

Question 3

Even infants and young children actively contribute to their ________

Answer 3

own development

Question 4

Many developments can appear either _________ or _________, depending on how often and how closely we look at them

Answer 4

continuous or discontinuous

Question 5

The contexts that shape development includes __________________

Answer 5

family, friends, schools, religious organizations

Question 6

Individual differences, even among siblings, reflect differences in _________

Answer 6

children’s genes

Question 7

The _________ has made possible great advances in understanding children

Answer 7

scientific method

Question 8

It involves choosing a question, formulating a hypothesis relevant to the question, developing a method to test the hypothesis, and using data to decide whether the hypothesis is correct

Answer 8

The scientific method

Question 9

For a measure to be useful, it must be directly relevant to the hypotheses being tested, ________, and ______.

Answer 9

reliable and valid

Question 10

________ means that independent observations of a given behaviour are consistent

Answer 10

Reliability

Question 11

_________ means that a measure assesses what it is intended to measure

Answer 11

Validity

Question 12

____________ is particularly useful when the primary goal is to describe how children behave in their everyday environments

Answer 12

Naturalistic observation

Question 13

____________ is most useful when the main goal is to describe how different children react to the identical situation

Answer 13

Structured observation

Question 14

___________ does not imply causation

Answer 14

Correlation

Question 15

___________ are especially useful when the goal is to describe relations among variables

Answer 15

Correlational designs

Question 16

___________ are especially valuable for revealing the causes of children’s behaviour

Answer 16

Experimental designs

Question 17

What is a cross-sectional design?

Answer 17

Examining different children of different ages

Question 18

What is a longitudinal design?

Answer 18

Examining the same children at different ages

Question 19

What is a microgenetic design?

Answer 19

Presenting the same children repeated experiences over a short period and analyzing the change

Question 20

The “turtle shell” technique is an example of a successful intervention that helps preschoolers cope with what?

Answer 20

Their own anger

Question 21

What is meta-analysis?

Answer 21

A method for combining and analyzing the results from several independent studies

Question 22

Studies have shown that children’s testimony is usually accurate when?

Answer 22

The interviewer does not ask leading questions

Question 23

According to developmentalists,

Answer 23

Development is influenced by the joint workings of nature and nurture

Question 24

The concept of the “active child” refers to?

Answer 24

How children contribute to their own development

Question 25

In recent decades, researchers have come to the conclusion that, after infancy, most developmental changes occurs?

Answer 25

gradually

Question 26

In the context of mechanisms of developmental change, the study of the development of “effortful attention” provides insights into?

Answer 26

the role of brain activity, genes, and learning experiences

Question 27

The physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up a child’s environment are known as the?

Answer 27

sociocultural context

Question 28

The first basic step in using the scientific method involves?

Answer 28

choosing a question

Question 29

A team of researchers is studying whether stable individual differences exist in sleeping behaviour at various ages. They decide to test 3-month-olds, 6-month-olds, and 9-month-olds. What type of design are they using to examine this question?

Answer 29

Cross-sectional

Question 30

Which type of design is used to study developmental change as it is occurring by observing participants numerous times over a relatively short span of time?

Answer 30

Microgenetic