Chapter 11

Question 1

refers to biological differences

Answer 1

Sex

Question 2

is typically associated with physical sex characteristics, chromosomes, and hormones

Answer 2

Sex

Question 3

refers to socially constructed roles, behaviours, and attitudes

Answer 3

Gender

Question 4

refers to whole people who reflect gender socialization and evolved sex

Answer 4

gender/sex

Question 5

Tendency to exert influence over the environment via competitive, independent, or aggressive behaviours

Answer 5

Assertion

Question 6

Making connections with others via being emotionally open, empathic, or cooperative

Answer 6

Affiliation

Question 7

Associated with gender role flexibility, which involves a coordination of assertion and affiliation

Answer 7

Cooperation

Question 8

The process of gender socialization and development

Answer 8

Gender typing

Question 9

Those traditionally associated with a given person’s gender

Answer 9

Gender-typed behaviour

Question 10

Those traditionally associated with the gender other than that of a given person

Answer 10

Cross-gender-typed-behaviour

Question 11

For example, males hunt and compete for mates, whereas females play a crucial role in child-rearing

Answer 11

evolutionary theory

Question 12

argues that while men and women evolved to have such gender differences, these differences are no longer relevant in today’s society

Answer 12

Biosocial Theory

Question 13

________- approaches to gender development consider how hormones impact androgens differences

Answer 13

Neuroscience

Question 14

________ cognitive developmental theory says that children construct their own knowledge about gender

Answer 14

Kolhberg’s

Question 15

This theory argues that gender-typed behaviours occur as soon as children can label their own gender

Answer 15

Gender Schema Theory

Question 16

_______ is based on in-group/out-group ideas from social psychology

Answer 16

Social identity theory

Question 17

argues that gender-typed behaviours are modeled and reinforced

Answer 17

Bandura’s social cognitve theory

Question 18

This means that boys tend to play with other boys, and girls tend to play with other girls

Answer 18

Gender segregation

Question 19

beginning in adolescence, girls and boys face increased pressure to conform to culturally sanctioned gender roles

Answer 19

gender-role intensification

Question 20

adolescents have the ability to think abstractly and reason about stereotypes, which can encourage a loosening of gender stereotypes

Answer 20

gender-role flexibility

Question 21

_____ have higher levels of overall school achievement

Answer 21

girls

Question 22

______ have more STEM careers

Answer 22

boys

Question 23

Emphasize intimacy and support as goals

Answer 23

women

Question 24

emphasize dominance and power as goals

Answer 24

men