Chapter 28 - The Reproductive System

Question 1

The male gamete is this cell?

Answer 1

Sperm

Question 2

THe female gamete is this type of cell? aka?

Answer 2

egg cell / ovum

Question 3

During fertilization a male and female gamete unite to form?

Answer 3

a zygote

Question 4

Normally human gamete each have 23 chromosomes and are considered?

Answer 4

haploid

Question 5

Each zygote normally has 46 chromosomes and is considered?

Answer 5

diploid

Question 6

Most cells of the human body are haploid or diploid?

Answer 6

diploid

Question 7

Most cells of the human body are what kind of cells?

Answer 7

somatic (Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells)

Question 8

These cells reproduce by dividing into two after doubling (replicating) their genetic material

Answer 8

somatic cells

Question 9

This is the orderly division of the nucleus of a cell that ensures each new nucleus has the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original nucleus.

Answer 9

Mitosis

Question 10

This is the division of the remainder of the cell after mitosis (division of the cytoplasm, organelles, etc)

Answer 10

Cytokinesis

Question 11

If mitosis and cytokinesis occur together, these result from the division of one parent cell

Answer 11

two daughter cells

Question 12

The daughter cells resulting from mitosis and cytokinesis normally contain the same chromosome number as what? Because?

Answer 12

Each parent / because of DNA replication

Question 13

Mitosis + Cytokinesis = ???? (resulting in?)

Answer 13

cell division (resulting in 2 somatic cells with the diploid chromosome number of 46)

Question 14

During sex cell formation, the number of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell must be?

Answer 14

halved

Question 15

This is the division of the nucleus of a cell during the formation of sex cells.

Answer 15

Meiosis

Question 16

If a parent cell divides two times successfully (without DNA replication in between the divisions) what results? These cells are what kind?

Answer 16

four daughter cells / haploid

Question 17

Meiosis + Cytokinesis = ?

Answer 17

gametogenesis

Question 18

Gametogensis in males is called? In females?

Answer 18

spermatogensis / oogensis

Question 19

These are the male gonads? The female gonads?

Answer 19

testis / ovaries

Question 20

What are the two main functions of the reproductive organs: the testis and ovaries?

Answer 20

to produce sex cells and to secrete sex hormones

Question 21

Within the seminiferoud tubules are several types of these cells which are involved in the formation of sperm.

Answer 21

spermatogenic cells

Question 22

Spermatogenic cells develop progressively from the outer wall of a tubule inward toward the?

Answer 22

lumen

Question 23

This is the hollow passageway part of the tubule?

Answer 23

lumen

Question 24

In order of advancing maturity (and from the tubule wall inwards towards the lumen), what are the various spermatogenic cell types?

Answer 24

spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, sperm cells (spermatozons)

Question 25

Embedded among the spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules are large _____ cells which are the "nurse cells"

Answer 25

Sertoli

Question 26

These cells produce inhibin

Answer 26

Sertoli cells

Question 27

Sertoli cells protect the develop spermatogenic cells in what ways? (6)

Question 28

How long does spermatogensis take in humans?

Answer 28

65-75 days

Question 29

Spermatogensis begins with these cells which contain the diploid (2n) chromosome number

Answer 29

spermatogonia

Question 30

Spermatogonia are what types of cells? When they divide by mitosis, what remains as a source of future spermatogonia?

Answer 30

stem cells / some of the daughter cells remain

Question 31

During spermatogenesis, a spermatogonium (2n) matures and develops into a?

Answer 31

primary spermatocyte (2n)

Question 32

The primary spermatocyte replicates its DNA and begins the first division of meiosis which is?

Answer 32

Meiosis 1

Question 33

In meiosis 1, these line up at the equator or metaphase plate of the cell

Answer 33

homologous chromosomes

Question 34

After homologous chromosomes line up at the equator, what occurs?

Answer 34

crossing over

Question 35

After crossing-over occurs, what is formed? They enter this without replicating their DNA

Answer 35

secondary spermatocytes (n) / meiosis II

Question 36

Each secondary spermatocyte divides in meiosis II resulting in 4 cells called?

Answer 36

spermatids (n)

Question 37

The spermatids undergo the final stage of spermatogensis, called?

Answer 37

spermiogensis

Question 38

During spermiogensis, the spermatids change form and become? They then enter?

Answer 38

sperm cells (n) / the lumens of the seminiferous tubules

Question 39

This is the process by which the sperm become totally independent of the Sertoli cells, which have helped them up until the point in time.

Answer 39

spermiation

Question 40

Each day, how many million sperm complete the process of spermatogenesis?

Answer 40

300 million

Question 41

This part of the sperm cell is flattened, pointed, and contains a nucleus with 23 chromosomes

Answer 41

head

Question 42

This part of the sperm cell is a structure that covers the anterior portion of the sperm head. It contains enzymes that help a sperm cell in fertilization (penetration)

Answer 42

acrosome

Question 43

The tail of a sperm has this which enables the cell to move through the reproductive tract.

Answer 43

flagellum

Question 44

This part of a sperm cell contains numerous cellular organelles called mitochondria which carry out? This produces ATP energy to power?

Answer 44

tail / cellular respiration / the sperm cells activities

Question 45

Once ejaculated, most sperm do not survive more than how many hours in the female reproductive tract

Answer 45

48

Question 46

This is the bag-like supporting structure for the testes

Answer 46

scrotum

Question 47

The location of the scrotum helps to regulate?

Answer 47

the temperature of the testes

Question 48

normal sperm production requires a temperature about how much below core body temperature?

Answer 48

2-3 degree celcius

Question 49

Since the testes are suspended outside the pelvic cavity within the scrotum, they have what kind of temperature compared to the body?

Answer 49

lower

Question 50

What two muscles within the scrotum contract and relax to help in the regulation of the temperature of the testes?

Answer 50

dartos and cremaster muscle

Question 51

The dartos muscle is what kind of muscle?

Answer 51

smooth

Question 52

The cremaster is what kind of muscle?

Answer 52

skeletal

Question 53

The scrotum is separated internally by ____ which divides the scrotum into two sacs each containing one testis.

Answer 53

scrotal septum

Question 54

These are oval glands each measuring about 2 inches long and 1 inch in diameter

Answer 54

testes

Question 55

During embryological development, the testes develop?

Answer 55

within the pelvic cavity near the kidneys

Question 56

Towards the end of the 7th month of dvelopment, the testis normally begin to descend into the scrotum through?

Answer 56

inguinal canals

Question 57

passageways in the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 57

inguinal canals

Question 58

This is a medical condition in which the testes do not descend into the scrotum

Answer 58

cryptorchidism

Question 59

Cryptorchidism occurs in what percentage of full-term infants and this percentage in premature infants

Answer 59

3% / 30%

Question 60

The tests of about what percentage of boys with cryptorchidism will descend during the first year of life.

Answer 60

18 months of age

Question 61

If untreated, cryptorchidism can cause this in males; the cells involved in sperm production may be destroyed by the higher temperature of the pelvic cavity

Answer 61

sterility

Question 62

In adition, the chance of testicular cancer is how many times greater in cryptorchid testes

Answer 62

30 - 50 times

Question 63

The testes are divided into small internal compartments called?

Answer 63

lobules

Question 64

Within each lobule are tightly coiled?

Answer 64

seminiferous tubules

Question 65

Sperm are produced within these tubules by a process called?

Answer 65

spermatogenesis

Question 66

Between the seminiferous tubules are clusters of?

Answer 66

interstitial cells (Leydig)

Question 67

Interstitial (Leydig) cells produce?

Answer 67

testosterone

Question 68

This is the main male sex hormone, or androgen?

Answer 68

Testosterone

Question 69

Testosteron promotes the development of masculine characteristics and this?

Answer 69

libido

Question 70

Pressure generated by the fluid secreted by Sertoli cells pushes sperm and fluid along the lumen of the seminiferous tubles and into?

Answer 70

straight tubules

Question 71

The straight tubules lead into a network of ducts in the testis called?

Answer 71

the rete testis

Question 72

From the rete testis, sperm move into a series of coiled? These are located?

Answer 72

efferent ducts / epididymis

Question 73

After traveling into the efferent ducts in the epididymis, sperm is emptied into a single tube called?

Answer 73

ductus epididymis

Question 74

This is a comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of each testis

Answer 74

epididymis

Question 75

The epididymis consists of tightly coiled?

Answer 75

ductus epididymis

Question 76

The epididymis is the site of?

Answer 76

sperm maturation

Question 77

This is the process by which sperm acquired motility and the ability to fertilize

Answer 77

sperm maturation

Question 78

Sperm maturation occurs over a period of how many days?

Answer 78

14 days

Question 79

At its distal end, the epididymis continues as the?

Answer 79

vas deferens or ductus deferens

Question 80

Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus epididymis during sexual arousal helps the epididymis to propel sperm into?

Answer 80

the vas deferens

Question 81

This is a site for sperm storage

Answer 81

epididymis

Question 82

Sperm may remain viable in the epdidymis for up to? What happens to any stored sperm that are not expelled by that time?

Answer 82

up to several months / reabsorbed

Question 83

This is the main sperm duct

Answer 83

vas deferens

Question 84

The vas deferens passes into the pelvic cavity from the testis through?

Answer 84

the inguinal canal

Question 85

The vas deferens is about how long? It has an enlarged portion at the end called?

Answer 85

18 inches / ampulla

Question 86

Like the epididymis, the vas deferens conveys sperm during sexual arousal by?

Answer 86

Contractions of smooth muscles in its walls

Question 87

Like the epididymis, the vas deferens can also store sperm for how long?

Answer 87

up to several months

Question 88

The main method of male sterilization is?

Answer 88

a vasectomy

Question 89

During a vasectomy, an incision is made on either side of the? These are cuts and tied.

Answer 89

scrotum / vas deferens

Question 90

After a vasectomy, sperm production and testosterone production continue, but the sperm cannot reach?

Answer 90

the exterior of the male reproductive tract

Question 91

After a vasectomy, what happens to the sperm?

Answer 91

they degenerate and are destroyed by phagocytosis

Question 92

consists of the vas deferens, the testicular artery, testicular veins, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the cremaster muscle

Answer 92

spermatic cord

Question 93

The spermatic cord passes through?

Answer 93

the inguinal canal from the testis into the pelvic cavity

Question 94

Each ejaculatory duct is about how long?

Answer 94

1 inch

Question 95

This is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the vas deferens.

Answer 95

ejaculatory ducts

Question 96

The ejaculatory ducts pass through the prostate gland where they join?

Answer 96

the urethra

Question 97

AFter the ejaculatory ducts join the urethra, what do they eject into the urethra?

Answer 97

sperm and secretions

Question 98

In males, the urethra is the shared duct for what two system?

Answer 98

reproductive and urinary

Question 99

This serves as a passage way for both semen and urine

Answer 99

urethra

Question 100

The urethra ends at an opening to the outside of the body called?

Answer 100

External urethral orifice

Question 101

The urethra is subdivided into what 3 parts?

Answer 101

prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile) urethras

Question 102

The ducts of the male reproductive system store and transport sperm cells, but most of the liquid portion of semen is secreted by?

Answer 102

accessory sex glands

Question 103

What are the accessory sex glands of the male reproductive system

Answer 103

seminal vesicles (2), prostate gland, bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands (2)

Question 104

The seminal vesicles are paired glands which are about how long?

Answer 104

2 inches

Question 105

The seminal vesicles lie where?

Answer 105

At the posterior base of the urinary bladder

Question 106

These secrete a thick alkaline fluid that contain fructose (a simple surgar), prostaglandins, and clotting proteins

Answer 106

seminal vesicles

Question 107

What is the purpose of the alkaline fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles?

Answer 107

The pH of this fluid helped to neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra and the female reproductive tract that would normally inactivate and kill sperm.

Question 108

The fructose in the alkaline fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles is used for?

Answer 108

ATP production by sperm

Question 109

This part of the alkaline fluid contributes to sperm motility and viability and may stimulate smooth muscle contractions within the female reproductive tract.

Answer 109

prostaglandins

Question 110

What is the purpose of the clotting proteins found in the alkaline fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles?

Answer 110

help semen coagulate after ejaculation

Question 111

Fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles normally contributes to about what percentage of the volume of semen?

Answer 111

60%