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A & P II > Chapter 28 - The Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 28 - The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

The male gamete is this cell?

A

Sperm

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2
Q

THe female gamete is this type of cell? aka?

A

egg cell / ovum

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3
Q

During fertilization a male and female gamete unite to form?

A

a zygote

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4
Q

Normally human gamete each have 23 chromosomes and are considered?

A

haploid

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5
Q

Each zygote normally has 46 chromosomes and is considered?

A

diploid

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6
Q

Most cells of the human body are haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

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7
Q

Most cells of the human body are what kind of cells?

A

somatic (Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells)

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8
Q

These cells reproduce by dividing into two after doubling (replicating) their genetic material

A

somatic cells

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9
Q

This is the orderly division of the nucleus of a cell that ensures each new nucleus has the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original nucleus.

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

This is the division of the remainder of the cell after mitosis (division of the cytoplasm, organelles, etc)

A

Cytokinesis

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11
Q

If mitosis and cytokinesis occur together, these result from the division of one parent cell

A

two daughter cells

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12
Q

The daughter cells resulting from mitosis and cytokinesis normally contain the same chromosome number as what? Because?

A

Each parent / because of DNA replication

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13
Q

Mitosis + Cytokinesis = ???? (resulting in?)

A

cell division (resulting in 2 somatic cells with the diploid chromosome number of 46)

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14
Q

During sex cell formation, the number of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell must be?

A

halved

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15
Q

This is the division of the nucleus of a cell during the formation of sex cells.

A

Meiosis

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16
Q

If a parent cell divides two times successfully (without DNA replication in between the divisions) what results? These cells are what kind?

A

four daughter cells / haploid

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17
Q

Meiosis + Cytokinesis = ?

A

gametogenesis

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18
Q

Gametogensis in males is called? In females?

A

spermatogensis / oogensis

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19
Q

These are the male gonads? The female gonads?

A

testis / ovaries

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20
Q

What are the two main functions of the reproductive organs: the testis and ovaries?

A

to produce sex cells and to secrete sex hormones

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21
Q

Within the seminiferoud tubules are several types of these cells which are involved in the formation of sperm.

A

spermatogenic cells

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22
Q

Spermatogenic cells develop progressively from the outer wall of a tubule inward toward the?

A

lumen

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23
Q

This is the hollow passageway part of the tubule?

A

lumen

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24
Q

In order of advancing maturity (and from the tubule wall inwards towards the lumen), what are the various spermatogenic cell types?

A

spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, sperm cells (spermatozons)

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25
Q

Embedded among the spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules are large _____ cells which are the “nurse cells”

A

Sertoli

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26
Q

These cells produce inhibin

A

Sertoli cells

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27
Q

Sertoli cells protect the develop spermatogenic cells in what ways? (6)

A
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28
Q

How long does spermatogensis take in humans?

A

65-75 days

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29
Q

Spermatogensis begins with these cells which contain the diploid (2n) chromosome number

A

spermatogonia

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30
Q

Spermatogonia are what types of cells? When they divide by mitosis, what remains as a source of future spermatogonia?

A

stem cells / some of the daughter cells remain

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31
Q

During spermatogenesis, a spermatogonium (2n) matures and develops into a?

A

primary spermatocyte (2n)

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32
Q

The primary spermatocyte replicates its DNA and begins the first division of meiosis which is?

A

Meiosis 1

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33
Q

In meiosis 1, these line up at the equator or metaphase plate of the cell

A

homologous chromosomes

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34
Q

After homologous chromosomes line up at the equator, what occurs?

A

crossing over

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35
Q

After crossing-over occurs, what is formed? They enter this without replicating their DNA

A

secondary spermatocytes (n) / meiosis II

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36
Q

Each secondary spermatocyte divides in meiosis II resulting in 4 cells called?

A

spermatids (n)

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37
Q

The spermatids undergo the final stage of spermatogensis, called?

A

spermiogensis

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38
Q

During spermiogensis, the spermatids change form and become? They then enter?

A

sperm cells (n) / the lumens of the seminiferous tubules

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39
Q

This is the process by which the sperm become totally independent of the Sertoli cells, which have helped them up until the point in time.

A

spermiation

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40
Q

Each day, how many million sperm complete the process of spermatogenesis?

A

300 million

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41
Q

This part of the sperm cell is flattened, pointed, and contains a nucleus with 23 chromosomes

A

head

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42
Q

This part of the sperm cell is a structure that covers the anterior portion of the sperm head. It contains enzymes that help a sperm cell in fertilization (penetration)

A

acrosome

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43
Q

The tail of a sperm has this which enables the cell to move through the reproductive tract.

A

flagellum

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44
Q

This part of a sperm cell contains numerous cellular organelles called mitochondria which carry out? This produces ATP energy to power?

A

tail / cellular respiration / the sperm cells activities

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45
Q

Once ejaculated, most sperm do not survive more than how many hours in the female reproductive tract

A

48

46
Q

This is the bag-like supporting structure for the testes

A

scrotum

47
Q

The location of the scrotum helps to regulate?

A

the temperature of the testes

48
Q

normal sperm production requires a temperature about how much below core body temperature?

A

2-3 degree celcius

49
Q

Since the testes are suspended outside the pelvic cavity within the scrotum, they have what kind of temperature compared to the body?

A

lower

50
Q

What two muscles within the scrotum contract and relax to help in the regulation of the temperature of the testes?

A

dartos and cremaster muscle

51
Q

The dartos muscle is what kind of muscle?

A

smooth

52
Q

The cremaster is what kind of muscle?

A

skeletal

53
Q

The scrotum is separated internally by ____ which divides the scrotum into two sacs each containing one testis.

A

scrotal septum

54
Q

These are oval glands each measuring about 2 inches long and 1 inch in diameter

A

testes

55
Q

During embryological development, the testes develop?

A

within the pelvic cavity near the kidneys

56
Q

Towards the end of the 7th month of dvelopment, the testis normally begin to descend into the scrotum through?

A

inguinal canals

57
Q

passageways in the anterior abdominal wall

A

inguinal canals

58
Q

This is a medical condition in which the testes do not descend into the scrotum

A

cryptorchidism

59
Q

Cryptorchidism occurs in what percentage of full-term infants and this percentage in premature infants

A

3% / 30%

60
Q

The tests of about what percentage of boys with cryptorchidism will descend during the first year of life.

A

18 months of age

61
Q

If untreated, cryptorchidism can cause this in males; the cells involved in sperm production may be destroyed by the higher temperature of the pelvic cavity

A

sterility

62
Q

In adition, the chance of testicular cancer is how many times greater in cryptorchid testes

A

30 - 50 times

63
Q

The testes are divided into small internal compartments called?

A

lobules

64
Q

Within each lobule are tightly coiled?

A

seminiferous tubules

65
Q

Sperm are produced within these tubules by a process called?

A

spermatogenesis

66
Q

Between the seminiferous tubules are clusters of?

A

interstitial cells (Leydig)

67
Q

Interstitial (Leydig) cells produce?

A

testosterone

68
Q

This is the main male sex hormone, or androgen?

A

Testosterone

69
Q

Testosteron promotes the development of masculine characteristics and this?

A

libido

70
Q

Pressure generated by the fluid secreted by Sertoli cells pushes sperm and fluid along the lumen of the seminiferous tubles and into?

A

straight tubules

71
Q

The straight tubules lead into a network of ducts in the testis called?

A

the rete testis

72
Q

From the rete testis, sperm move into a series of coiled? These are located?

A

efferent ducts / epididymis

73
Q

After traveling into the efferent ducts in the epididymis, sperm is emptied into a single tube called?

A

ductus epididymis

74
Q

This is a comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of each testis

A

epididymis

75
Q

The epididymis consists of tightly coiled?

A

ductus epididymis

76
Q

The epididymis is the site of?

A

sperm maturation

77
Q

This is the process by which sperm acquired motility and the ability to fertilize

A

sperm maturation

78
Q

Sperm maturation occurs over a period of how many days?

A

14 days

79
Q

At its distal end, the epididymis continues as the?

A

vas deferens or ductus deferens

80
Q

Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus epididymis during sexual arousal helps the epididymis to propel sperm into?

A

the vas deferens

81
Q

This is a site for sperm storage

A

epididymis

82
Q

Sperm may remain viable in the epdidymis for up to? What happens to any stored sperm that are not expelled by that time?

A

up to several months / reabsorbed

83
Q

This is the main sperm duct

A

vas deferens

84
Q

The vas deferens passes into the pelvic cavity from the testis through?

A

the inguinal canal

85
Q

The vas deferens is about how long? It has an enlarged portion at the end called?

A

18 inches / ampulla

86
Q

Like the epididymis, the vas deferens conveys sperm during sexual arousal by?

A

Contractions of smooth muscles in its walls

87
Q

Like the epididymis, the vas deferens can also store sperm for how long?

A

up to several months

88
Q

The main method of male sterilization is?

A

a vasectomy

89
Q

During a vasectomy, an incision is made on either side of the? These are cuts and tied.

A

scrotum / vas deferens

90
Q

After a vasectomy, sperm production and testosterone production continue, but the sperm cannot reach?

A

the exterior of the male reproductive tract

91
Q

After a vasectomy, what happens to the sperm?

A

they degenerate and are destroyed by phagocytosis

92
Q

consists of the vas deferens, the testicular artery, testicular veins, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the cremaster muscle

A

spermatic cord

93
Q

The spermatic cord passes through?

A

the inguinal canal from the testis into the pelvic cavity

94
Q

Each ejaculatory duct is about how long?

A

1 inch

95
Q

This is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the vas deferens.

A

ejaculatory ducts

96
Q

The ejaculatory ducts pass through the prostate gland where they join?

A

the urethra

97
Q

AFter the ejaculatory ducts join the urethra, what do they eject into the urethra?

A

sperm and secretions

98
Q

In males, the urethra is the shared duct for what two system?

A

reproductive and urinary

99
Q

This serves as a passage way for both semen and urine

A

urethra

100
Q

The urethra ends at an opening to the outside of the body called?

A

External urethral orifice

101
Q

The urethra is subdivided into what 3 parts?

A

prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile) urethras

102
Q

The ducts of the male reproductive system store and transport sperm cells, but most of the liquid portion of semen is secreted by?

A

accessory sex glands

103
Q

What are the accessory sex glands of the male reproductive system

A

seminal vesicles (2), prostate gland, bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands (2)

104
Q

The seminal vesicles are paired glands which are about how long?

A

2 inches

105
Q

The seminal vesicles lie where?

A

At the posterior base of the urinary bladder

106
Q

These secrete a thick alkaline fluid that contain fructose (a simple surgar), prostaglandins, and clotting proteins

A

seminal vesicles

107
Q

What is the purpose of the alkaline fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles?

A

The pH of this fluid helped to neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra and the female reproductive tract that would normally inactivate and kill sperm.

108
Q

The fructose in the alkaline fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles is used for?

A

ATP production by sperm

109
Q

This part of the alkaline fluid contributes to sperm motility and viability and may stimulate smooth muscle contractions within the female reproductive tract.

A

prostaglandins

110
Q

What is the purpose of the clotting proteins found in the alkaline fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles?

A

help semen coagulate after ejaculation

111
Q

Fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles normally contributes to about what percentage of the volume of semen?

A

60%

A & P II (12 decks)

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