Chapter 28 - The Reproduction System #2 Flashcards
The prostate is located? It surrounds”
Inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the prosthetic urethra.
This is a single donut shaped gland about the size of a golf ball.
Prostate
This gland secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that makes up about 25% of the volume of semen.
Prostate
Secretions of the prostate enter the prostatic urethra through?
Prostatic ducts
Name 2 unique substances that are found in the fluid secreted by the prostate gland.
Prostate-specific antigen & seminalplasmin
If this substance found in the fluid secreted by the prostate has increased levels in blood, it can indicate enlargement of the prostate, infection, or prostate cancer.
Prostate-specific antigen
This is an antibiotic that can destroy bacteria and is found in the substance secreted by the prostate.
Seminalplasmin
These are paired glands about the size of peas.
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
Bulbourethral glands are located inferiorly to? They are located on either side of?
The prostate / either side of the membranous urethra
During sexual intercourse, these glands secrete an alkaline fluid into the urethra that protects the passing sperm from acids in urine; they also secrete mucus for lubrication.
Bulbourethral glands
This is a mixture of sperm and seminal fluid
Semen
This is a liquid that consists of the secretions of the seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostate, and Bulbourethral glands.
Seminal fluid
Semen contains how much sperm per milliliter?
100 million
What is the pH of sperm?
Slightly alkaline (7.2-7.7)
This provides sperm with a transportation medium, nutrients, and protection from the hostile acidic environment of the male’s urethra and the female’s vagina.
Seminal fluid
This contains the male urethra and is a passageway for semen and urine
The penis
This is the opening of the tip of the penis that allows semen or urine to exit the body.
External urethral orifice
The tip of the penis aka
Glans
The body of the penis is composed of how many cylindrical, erectile masses of tissue that fill with blood upon sexual stimulation?
3
The masses of tissues located in the penis?
Corpus cavernosa & corpus spongiosum
These are the 2 dorsolateral masses of the penis.
Corpora cavernosa
This is the smaller, single midventral mass of the penis which contains the spongy urethra.
Corpus spongiosum
These are paired glands that produce female gametes and hormones.
Ovaries
The ovaries contain little compartments or bags that contain developing gametes in various stages. These are called?
Follicles
The ovaries are held in position by what 3 ligaments?
Broad, ovarian, suspensory ligaments
This ligament attaches the uterus to the pelvic cavity and also attaches to the ovaries.
Broad ligament
This ligament anchors the ovaries to the uterus
Ovarian ligaments
This ligament attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall.
Suspensory ligament.
Females have two of these tubes?
Uterine (Fallopian)
Uterine tubes measure how long? They lie between?
4 inches / the folds if the broad ligament
This is the funnel-shaped end portion of each uterine tube; it is close to the ovary but actually opens to the pelvic cavity.
Infundibulum
These are the finger like projections of the infundibulum near the ovaries.
Fimbriae
These structures produce small movements that sweep an ovulated oocyte into a tube.
Uterine tubes
The uterine tubes eventually lead to and attach to?
The uterus
This part of each uterine tubes is a wide portion located medially to the infundibulum.
Ampulla
Fertilization usually occurs?
In the ampulla of the Fallopian tube
This part of the uterine the is the narrow portion that joins the uterus.
Isthmus
The epithelial lining of the Fallopian tubes contains what types of cells? These cells help move the female gamete (or fertilized ovum) toward the uterus.
Ciliated
What do the muscular walls of the Fallopian tubes do to assist in the movement of the female gamete toward the uterus?
The contract
A fertilized egg arrives at the uterus how many days after it is released from an ovary?
6-7
The main method of sterilization in females is?
Tubal ligation
In a tubal ligation, what is done?
The fallopian tubes are tied and closed then cut.
What is the result of tubal ligation?
The secondary oocyte cannot pass through the fallopian tubes and sperm cannot reach it.
This serves as the site of fetal development during pregnancy.
Uterus
The 3 parts of the uterus.
Fundus, body, cervix
This part of the uterus is the dome-shaped portion that is superior to the fallopian tubes.
Fundus
This is the central portion of the uterus.
Body
This is the inferior narrow portion of the uterus that produces mucus.
Cervix
The interior of the body of the uterus is called?
Uterine cavity
The interior of the cervix is the?
Cervical canal
This is the entrance to the cervical canal (from the uterine cavity).
Internal os
This is the entrance to the vagina (at the lower end of the cervix)
External os
Normally the body of the uterus projects anteriorly over the urinary bladder in a position called?
Anteflexion
A tilted uterus is flexed which way?
Posterior
These ligaments attach the uterus to the sides of the pelvic cavity.
Broad ligament
This ligaments lie on either side of the rectum and connect the uterus to the sacrum
Uterosacral ligaments
These ligaments attach the uterus to the vulva area
Runs ligaments
The 3 layers of tissue found in the uterus
Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
This layer of the uterus is the outer epithelial layer which becomes the broad ligament laterally.
Perimetrium
This is the middle layer of the uterus and consists of smooth muscle.
Myometrium
Labor during childbirth involves the contraction of what layer of the uterus?
Myometrium
This is the inner layer of the uterus. It is highly vascularized.
Endometrium
What layer of the uterus is sloughed off during menstruation?
Endometrium
this is the most common gynecological operation and is the surgical removal of the uterus.
Hysterectomy
This is a muscular tubelike structure about 4 inches long that extends from the exterior of the body to the cervix. It serves as the receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse and is the outlet for menstrual flow and the birth canal.
Vagina
What can the vagina do during sexual intercourse or childbirth due to its muscular structure?
Stretch
This is a recessed area at the junction between the cervix and the vagina.
Fornix
These are folds within the vagina.
Rugae
The pH inside the vagina is usually? This is harmful to the sperm so what helps to protect the sperm?
Acidic / the alkaline pH of semen
This is the opening to the exterior of the body from the vagina?
Vaginal orifice
The vulva consists of what 4 external female structures?
Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris
This part of the vulva is an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and hair that cushions the pubic symphysis.
Mons pubis
This part of the vulva consists of two folds on skin covered by hair that contain oil and sweat glands.
Labia majora
This part of the vulva consists of two smaller folds of skin which are not covered with hair. They surround the vestibule (area containing the vaginal orifice), the external urethral orifice, and the openings of several mucus-secreting glands.
Labia minora
This is a small mass of erectile tissue and nerves. It plays a role in sexual excitement in the female.
Clitoris
The formation of gametes in the ovaries is called?
Oogenesis
When does spermatogenesis begin in males?
Puberty
When does oogenesis begin in females?
Before they are even born
During early fetal development, germ cells in the ovaries differentiate into?
Oogonia
Oogonia are what kind of stem cell? They divide by?
Diploid / mitosis
After mitosis, some oogonia develop and mature into?
Primary oocytes (2n)
The primary oocytes enter what phase of meiosis? They temporarily stop at what phase?
Meiosis 1 / prophase 1
What surrounds each primary oocyte?
A single layer of follicle cells
At birth there are how many primary oocytes per ovary?
200,000 - 2,000,000
Many primary oocytes degenerate before puberty leaving how many?
400,000
How many primary oocytes will mature during a woman’s reproductive lifetime?
400
Primary oocytes are enclosed in? These are little bags within the cortex of the ovaries.
Follicles
Each month after puberty and until menopause, hormones stimulate the further development of?
A few of the primary oocytes and their follicles.
A layers of cells begin to surround the developing oocyte, a primoridal follicle becomes?
Primary follicle
The primary follicle cell layer begins to secrete what type of fluid? This builds up where?
Follicular fluid / within the follicle
As the follicular fluid builds up within the follicle, a primary follicle becomes?
A secondary follicle
A secondary follicle enlarges and becomes?
Mature (graafian) follicle
How many follicles mature per month?
1
While in the mature follicle, the primary oocyte completes meiosis 1, producing a large haploid cell called and a small cell called?
A secondary oocyte / first polar body
This is a tiny packet of discarded nuclear material
Polar body
During of genesis, what receives most of the cytoplasm?
The secondary oocyte
What begins meiosis II during oogenesis?
Secondary oocyte
The secondary oocyte begins meiosis II but stops in?
Metaphase II
The mature (graafian) follicle ruptures and releases its secondary oocyte during?
Ovulation
After ovulation, what are expelled into the pelvic cavity?
The secondary oocyte (the the first polar body)
What happens during oogenesis if fertilization does not occur?
The cells degenerate
If sperm are present in the fallopian tubes, and one sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte, what resumes?
Meiosis II
The secondary oocyte divides into a large cell called and another?
Ovum and another polar body
During oogenesis, ometimes the first polar body divides into?
2 more polar bodies
During oogenesis, when the nuclei of the ovum and Soren cell unite, and what is formed?
A diploid zygote
Generally a single primary oocyte gives rise to?
3 polar bodies and 1 ovum
This is a fluid-filled sac in or on an ovary?
Ovarian cyst
In both male and females, specific cells in the hypothalamus in the brain begin to secrete this at puberty.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
GnRH is a hormone that stimulates te anterior pituitary gland to secrete?
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
In males, LH stimulates the interstitial (Leydig) cells to secrete?
Testosterone
This is a lipid soluble hormone that is synthesized from cholesterol in the testes.
Testosterone
Testosterone diffuses into the blood and travels to the brain where it suppresses secretion of? This is an example of?
LH and GnRH / negative feedback of the endocrine system
In males, this hormone along with testosterone, stimulates spermatogenesis
FH
Once sperm cell production is at a level that supports reproductive function, Sertoli cells release?
Inhibin
This hormone suppresses FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary gland.
Inhibin
Testosterone is also produced by what glands of both makes and females?
Adrenal
This is another androgen that is produced from testosterone and stimulates the development of the external genitals.
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Testosterone is also converted in the brain to this which is the feminizing hormones.
Estrogen
Testosterone and DHT cause the development of the?
Secondary sex characteristics
Which hormones also contribute to sex drive (libido) in both makes and females?
Testosterone and DHT
During the reproductive years the ovaries and uterus of a female undergo changes that occur in calves approximately how many days in length?
28 (generally ranges 24-35 days)
The female reproductive cycle consists of what 2 cycles?
Ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle
This cycle is a series of events that occur in the ovaries
Ovarian cycle
This female reproductive cycle is a series of changes that occur in the uterus specifically the endometrium.
Menstrual cycle
The female rep productive cycle is subdivided into what 4 phases?
Menstrual, preovulatory, ovulation, postovulatory
The menstrual phase is also called? It’s lasts?
Menstruation and lasts about 5 days
The first day of menstruation is considered to be what day of the monthly cycle?
Day 1
Menstrual flow from the uterus consists if how many mL of blood, mucus, and epithelial cells that’s he’s from the endometrium.
50-150 mL
The endometrium is divided into what 2 layers?
Stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
This endometrium layer lines the uterine cavity and is sloughed off during menstruation
Stratum functionalis
This is a deeper layer of the endometrium that remains and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis following menstruation.
Stratum basalis
This phase of the female reproductive system is the more variable in length than the other phases and accounts for most of the differences in overall cycle length.
Preovulatory phase
The preovulatory phase lasts?
From the end of menstruation until ovulation (from about days 6-13)
This is the rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte.
Ovulation
Ovulation typically occurs on what day of a 28 day cycle.
Day 14
At ovulation, the secondary ooocyte is protected by a clear glycoprotein layer called and a layer of follicle cells called?
Zona pellucide / corona radiata
This phase of the female reproductive system lasts from ovulation until the next menstruation begins.
Postovulatory phase
The postovulatoru phase almost always lasts how many days regardless of the overall length of the monthly cycle.
14
As in the male, hormonal reproduction begins as this is secreted by the hypothalamus.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
This hormone targets the ovaries by stimulating the development of some follicles (from primordial ➡ primary ➡ secondary ➡ graafian)
FSH
As some of the ovarian follicles mature, they begin to secrete?
Estrogen and inhibin
This hormone promotes the development and maintenance of the female reproductive structures and the secondary sex characteristics.
Estrogen
Release of GnRH, LH, and FSH decrease as what increases? This is what kind of feedback?
Estrogen / negative
If several follicles become mature and undergo ovulation, more than one secondary oocyte may be fertilized. This results in?
Fraternal twins
Since the menstrual and preovulatory phases involve the ovarian follicles, this first part of the monthly cycle is sometimes called?
The follicular phase.
Since changes are also occurring in the uterus, another name for the follicular phase is?
Proliferative phase
Estrogen released by the developing follicles stimulate cells of the stratum basalis to?
Divide by mitosis
When the cells of the stratum basalis divide by mitosis, what is the result?
A new stratum functionalis and a thickened endometrium.
Just before ovulation, the release of this hormone from the anterior pituitary gland increases. This is called?
LH. LH surge.
The LH surge causes ovulation within how many hours?
About 9
During the LH surge, what happens to the secondary oocyte?
It is usually swept into the fallopian tube to possibly be fertilized by a sperm cell,
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle scabs over and becomes?
A corpus hemorrhagicum
Several days after the follicle becomes a corpus hemorrhagicum, it heals and becomes?
A corpus luteum
The corpus luteum secretes what 4 hormones?
Progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, inhibin
This hormone helps to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum. It also prepares the mammary glands for milk secretion.
Progesterone
This hormone inhibits contractions of the myometrium (so implantation can occur in a “calm” uterus).
Relaxin
In late pregnancy this hormone relaxes the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the cervix for childbirth.
Relaxin
Tis hormone suppressed secretion of FSH and LH
Inhibin
