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A & P II > Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

How does the respiratory system allow for gas exchange?

A

Intake of o2 from the air and the elimination of CO2 from the body

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2
Q

The respiratory system regulates this in blood?

A

The pH

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3
Q

The respiratory system contains receptors for?

A

The sense of smell

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4
Q

The respiratory system filters this as?

A

Filters air as it is breathed into the body

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5
Q

The respiratory system produces?

A

Sounds

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6
Q

By way of exhaled air, the respiratory system rids the body of?

A

Some water and heat

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7
Q

During cellular respiration, what is used to produce ATP?

A

Oxygen and glucose

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8
Q

A deficiency of oxygen in the cells that make up tissues in the body?

A

Hypoxia

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9
Q

As a result of cellular respiration, cells produce this as a waste product?

A

Carbon dioxide

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10
Q

Why must co2 be eliminated quickly and efficiently?

A

It produces acidity that can be toxic to cells

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11
Q

6 components of the respiratory system?

A

Nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, lungs

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12
Q

2 structures of the respiratory system?

A

Upper and lower

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13
Q

This part of the respiratory system consists of the nose, the pharynx, and associated structures

A

The upper

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14
Q

This part of the respiratory system consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

A

The lower

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15
Q

The external portion of the nose consists of (3)

A

2 nasal bones, maxillae, and cartilage coved by muscle and skin

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16
Q

two openings in the external nose (aka)

A

External nares (nostrils)

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17
Q

The internal portion of the nose is a large? It is lined with?

A

Large cavity / muscle and mucous membrane

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18
Q

The nasal cavity is also lined with these that help move mucus and tapped dust particles toward the pharynx

A

Ciliated cells

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19
Q

Two openings near the read of the nasal cavity which open into the pharynx (throat)?

A

Internal nares

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20
Q

Ducts from these two places also open into the internal nose?

A

Para nasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts

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21
Q

3 main functions of the nose?

A

(1) Warms, moistens, and filters INCOMING AIR, (2) detects olfactory STIMULI, (3) modifies VIBRATIONS as they pass through the hollow resonating chambers

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22
Q

A tube like structure that lies posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly to the lowest portion of the voice box? (Aka)

A

Pharynx (throat)

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23
Q

The wall of the pharynx consists of two layers of this line with?

A

Skeletal muscle (circular and longitudinal) lined with mucous membrane

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24
Q

This functions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech, sounds, and contains the tonsils.

A

The pharynx

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25
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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26
Q

The uppermost part of the pharynx. Lies behind the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate and is lined with ciliated cells that help move mucus down the pharynx.

A

Nasopharynx

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27
Q

Part of the pharynx that contains the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) and the openings into the Eustachian tubes.

A

Nasopharynx

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28
Q

The middle part of the pharynx and lies behind the oral cavity and extends to the level of the hyoid bone.

A

oropharynx

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29
Q

the opening at the rear of the oral cavity?

A

fauces

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30
Q

Part of the pharynx that contains the palatine and lingual tonsils

A

oropharynx

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31
Q

the lower part of the pharynx that extends to just below the larynx

A

laryngopharynx

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32
Q

a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea

A

larynx

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33
Q

the voicebox

A

the larynx

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34
Q

this lies in the midline of the neck, just in front of the esophagus and C4-C6 vertebrae

A

the larynx

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35
Q

the wall of the larynx is made of how many pieces of cartilage? how many single? how many paired?

A

9 pieces of cartilage, 3 single and 3 paired

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36
Q

the 3 single cartilages of the larynx?

A

thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage

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37
Q

the Adam’s apple; forms the anterior wall. It is larger in males than females.

A

thyroid cartilage

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38
Q

a leaf-shaped piece of cartilage that is attached at its inferior end to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. The superior part of it acts as a trap door to close off the glottis during eating and drinking.

A

Epiglottis

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39
Q

why does the epiglottis act as a trap door to close off the glottis during eating and drinking?

A

prevents food, etc from passing into the airway.

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40
Q

the entrance to the trachea

A

glottis

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41
Q

a ring of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

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42
Q

this connects thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone

A

thyrohyoid membrane

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43
Q

this is the landmark for a tracheotomy?

A

cricoid cartilage

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44
Q

the most important of the paired cartilages of the larynx are?

A

the arytenoid cartilages

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45
Q

these are triangular shaped pieces of paired cartilage of the larynx that is attached to the top of the posterior cricoid cartilage.

A

arytenoid cartilages

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46
Q

these paired cartilages of the larynx are attached to the true vocal cords (vocal folds) and influence changes in position and tension of these structures which are involved in speech.

A

arytenoid cartilages

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47
Q

the mucous membrane of the larynx forms what 2 pairs of folds?

A

ventricular folds (false vocal cords) and vocal folds (true vocal cords)

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48
Q

false vocal cords

A

ventricular folds

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49
Q

true vocal cords

A

vocal folds

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50
Q

when specific muscles of the larynx contract, they pull on arytenoid cartilages and cause?

A

the vocal folds to move apart or towards one another and vibrate because of tension in the folds.

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51
Q

sound originates from? what is needed for convert the sound into recognizable speech?

A

from the vibration of the vocal folds / other structures such as the tongue and lips

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52
Q

the windpipe

A

the trachea

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53
Q

a tubular passageway for air that is located anterior to the esophagus

A

the trachea

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54
Q

This extends from the larynx to the superior border of the T5 vertebra where it divides

A

The trachea

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55
Q

this is lined with mucous membrane and ciliated cells that help move mucus and trapped particles up toward the pharynx

A

the tracheal wall

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56
Q

the tracheal wall also contains? they help to?

A

elastic fibers and cartilage rings / keeps trachea from collapsing

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57
Q

At the superior border of t5, the trachea divides into a right and left? These lead to?

A

Right and left Primary bronchus / leads to each lung respectively

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58
Q

Which bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider?

A

The right primary bronchus

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59
Q

Like the trachea, the primary bronchi contain?

A

Cartilage rings and ciliated epithelial cells

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60
Q

Area where the trachea divides into the primary bronchi?

A

Carina

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61
Q

After entering the lungs the primary bronchi divide to form smaller?

A

Secondary bronchi

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62
Q

The secondary bronchi lead to each ______ of the lungs?

A

Lobes

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63
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have? How many does the left lung have?

A 
Right = 3
Left = 2
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64
Q

The secondary bronchi branch and form? This leads to?

A

Tertiary bronchi / bronchopulmonary

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65
Q

The right lung has how many bronchopulmonary segments? The left lung?

A 
Right = 10
Let = 10
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66
Q

The tertiary bronchi divide into?

A

Bronchioles

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67
Q

Bronchioles divide into?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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68
Q

Terminal bronchioles lead to?

A

Lobules

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69
Q

The breakdown of the tertiary bronchi from bronchioles to terminal bronchioles to lobules is called? Because?

A

Bronchial tree / it resembles an inverted tree

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70
Q

This is recognized because of the lack of the cartilage rings of the bronchi and they have smooth muscles that encircle the lumens of the airways.

A

Bronchioles

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71
Q

Paired-cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity?

A

The lungs

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72
Q

How are the lungs separated from each other?

A

The heart and other structures in the mediastinum

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73
Q

Consists of 2 layers and protects and encloses the lungs?

A

Pleural membrane

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74
Q

The pleural membrane consists of this superficial layer that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleura

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75
Q

This deeper layer of the pleural membrane covers the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

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76
Q

A small space between the two layers of the pleural membrane

A

Pleural cavity

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77
Q

The pleural cavity contains this which is secreted by the membranes and reduces friction between them and causes them to stick together.

A

Lubricating fluid

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78
Q

The inferior broad portion that fits over the diaphragm

A

Base

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79
Q

The narrow upper portion of the lung

A

Apex

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80
Q

The medial surface of the left lung contains this area where the heart lies

A

Cardiac notch

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81
Q

The left lung is smaller than the right because?

A

Because of the space occupied by the heart

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82
Q

The right lung is shorter than the left lung because?

A

The diaphragm is higher on the right side to accommodate the liver

83
Q

Both lungs have this that separates the inferior lobe from the rest of the lung.

A

Oblique fissure

84
Q

Besides an oblique fissure, the right lung also has this that separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe.

A

Horizontal fissure

85
Q

A region located on the medial surface of each lung that allows the bronchi, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and pulmonary blood vessels to enter and exit the lungs in this area.

A

Hilum

86
Q

These are in the lungs and wrapped in elastic connective tissue. They contain a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole

A

Lobules

87
Q

Terminals bronchioles subdivide into microscopic branches called?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

88
Q

Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into? Which leads to?

A

Alveolar ducts / alveolar sacs

89
Q

Alveolar sacs consists of 2 or more of?

A

Alveoli

90
Q

A tiny air sac in the lungs which has a thin epithelial lining to allow for gas exchange.

A

Alveolus

91
Q

What does the alveoli contain to keep them moist?

A

A liquid

92
Q

A lipid component of alveolar fluid which helps keep the alveoli from collapsing?

A

Surfactant

93
Q

What covers the outer surface of the alveoli?

A

Capillaries

94
Q

The exchange of O2 and Co2 occurs by diffusion between?

A

The alveoli and the capillaries

95
Q

The alveolar and capillary wall together make up?

A

The respiratory membrane

96
Q

The lungs contain a total of how many alveoli?

A

300 million

97
Q

The lungs receive blood from what two arteries?

A

The pulmonary and bronchial

98
Q

Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle of the heart through the?

A

Pulmonary trunk

99
Q

The pulmonary trunks divides into?

A

A left and right pulmonary artery

100
Q

The left pulmonary artery enters the which lung? The right enters which lung?

A

Left enters left

Right enters right

101
Q

These branch from the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Bronchial arteries

102
Q

These carry deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the superior vena cava which empties into the right atrium of the heart

A

Bronchial veins

103
Q

The process of gas exchange in the body is called?

A

Respiration

104
Q

3 main steps of respiration?

A

Pulmonary ventilation, external (pulmonary) respiration, internal (tissue) respiration

105
Q

Breathing; the inhalation and exhalation of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

106
Q

Breathing in

A

Inhalation

107
Q

The breathing out

A

Exhalation

108
Q

The exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane

A

External (pulmonary) respiration

109
Q

The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells

A

Internal (tissue) respiration

110
Q

During this respiratory step the blood gains o2 and loses CO2

A

External (pulmonary) respiration

111
Q

During this respiratory step the blood loses O2 and gains CO2

A

Internal (tissue) respiration

112
Q

Body cells use the oxygen for?

A

Cellular respiration

113
Q

Air moves into the lungs when?

A

Air pressure inside the lungs is less than that in the atmosphere

114
Q

Air moves out of the lungs when?

A

Air pressure inside the lungs is greater than that in the atmosphere

115
Q

Air pressure in the lungs changes with?

A

Lung volume

116
Q

A sea level, the air pressure of the atmosphere is?

A

760 mmHG (millimeters of mercury) or 1 atmosphere (1atm)

117
Q

A law of physics stating that the volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure

A

Boyle’s law

118
Q

What 3 things happen as the lungs expand?

A

Lung volume increases, air pressure inside the lung decreases (to below atmospheric pressure), air moves into the lungs

119
Q

A the lungs recoil (the opposite of expand), what 3 things happen?

A

Lung volume decreases, air pressure inside the lungs increases (to above atmospheric pressure), air moves out of the lungs

120
Q

The lungs expand as what 3 muscles contract?

A

Muscles of inhalation, the diaphragm, external intercostals

121
Q

A dome-shaped muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity

A

Diaphragm

122
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm causes it to? This does what to the size of the thoracic cavity?

A

Flatten / increases

123
Q

Contraction of the external intercostals during inhalation causes what to happen to the ribs?

A

Elevation

124
Q

During contraction of the external intercostals in inhalation, elevation of the ribs causes what to happen to the thoracic cavity?

A

Increases the size

125
Q

As the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, the pleural membrane does what to the lungs?

A

Pulls them outward

126
Q

During inhalation, what happens to the volume of the pleural cavity and the volume of the lungs?

A

They both increase

127
Q

The pressure between the two layers of the pleural membrane?

A

Intrapleural pressure

128
Q

During inhalation what happens to the intrapleural pressure?

A

It decreases from its normal 756 mmHg to 754 mmHg

129
Q

The pressure inside the lung?

A

Alveolar pressure

130
Q

During inhalation what happens to the alveolar pressure?

A

It drops from 769 mmHg to 758 mmHg

131
Q

When intrapleural pressure and alveolar pressure drop, what ultimately happens?

A

Air moves into the lungs and inhalation takes place.

132
Q

During exercises a deeper more forceful inhalation is necessary so accessory muscles are used to?

A

Further increase the size of the thoracic cavity

133
Q

Since inhalation involves muscular contraction, it is considered what type of process?

A

Active

134
Q

Since exhalation involves muscular relaxation instead of contraction, it is considered what type of process?

A

Passive

135
Q

During exhalation as the diaphragm relaxes, it takes what shape?

A

Elevated to normal dome shape

136
Q

During exhalation as the external intercostals relax, what happens to the ribs?

A

They are depressed

137
Q

During exhalation the size of the thoracic cavity decreases causing what to happen to the lung volume?

A

Lung volume decreases

138
Q

During exhalation, the alveolar pressure inside the lungs increases to?

A

About 762 mmHg

139
Q

As the size of thoracic cavity and lung volume decrease and the alveolar pressure increases, what ultimately happens?

A

Air flows out of the lungs and exhalation occurs

140
Q

During exercise of while playing a wind instrument, what happen to exhalation?

A

It becomes an active process

141
Q

What 3 muscles contract during exercise exhalation? This causes what to happen?

A

Muscles of exhalation, the abdominals, and internal intercostals / alveolar pressure further increases and air is forcefully exhaled.

142
Q

The ability of surfactant to reduce surface tension in the alveoli and prevent their collapse, the ability of compliance because of the lung’s elasticity, and increased airway resistance due to constriction of bronchioles

A

Other factors affecting pulmonary ventilation

143
Q

Ability of lungs to expand or stretch

A

Compliance

144
Q

The average respiratory rate in a healthy adult?

A

12 breaths a minute

145
Q

The amt of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath

A

Tidal volume

146
Q

At rest, what is normal tidal volume?

A

500 mL (1/2 liter)

147
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

6000 mL (6 liters)

148
Q

The amt if air that remains in the airways (from nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles) and does not undergo respiratory exchange

A

Respiratory dead space

149
Q

The value of respiratory dead space is usually?

A

About 150 mL (about 30% of the tidal volume of 500 mL)

150
Q

Gas exchange takes place mainly in the? To a Lesser extent?

A

Alveoli / alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles

151
Q

About how much of tidal volume reaches the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

70%

152
Q

Additional amt of air that can be inhaled by taking a very deep breath.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

153
Q

The inspiratory reserve volume is usually about?

A

3100 mL (3.1 liters)

154
Q

Additional about of air that can be exhaled forcibly

A

Expiratory reserve volume

155
Q

The expiratory reserve volume is usually?

A

About 1200 mL (1.2 liters)

156
Q

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after exhalation

A

Residual volume

157
Q

Residual volume is usually?

A

About 1200 mL (1.2 liters)

158
Q

The total amount of air that can be inhaled and/or exhaled including the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes

A

Vital capacity

159
Q

Vital capacity is usually?

A

4800 mL (4.8 liters)

160
Q

Atmospheric air is mixture of gases. Name the gases and their percentages.

A 
Nitrogen 78.6%
Oxygen 20.9%
Water Vapor 0.4%
Carbon dioxide 0.04%
Other gases 0.06%
161
Q

Atmospheric pressure is how many mmHg?

A

760

162
Q

Law stating that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure called partial pressure.

A

Dalton’s law.

163
Q

What formula is used to find partial pressure?

A

% of gas in a mixture x the total pressure of the mixture

164
Q

Te partial pressure of gases in inhaled air are?

A 
p02 = 0.209 x 760 mmHg = 158.8 mmHg
pCO2 = 0.0004 x 760 mmHg = 0.3 mmHg
165
Q

Compared with air inhaled from the atmosphere, alveolar air has?

A

Less O2 and more CO2

166
Q

A law stating the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility

A

Henry’s Law

167
Q

More CO2 is dissolved in blood plasma than O2 because?

A

Carbon dioxide has a greater solubility

168
Q

The diffusion of O2 from air in the alveoli to blood in pulmonary capillaries and the diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction

A

External respiration

169
Q

In the pulmonary capillaries, the partial pressure of O2 is? The partial pressure of CO2 is?

A

O2 105 mmHg

CO2 is 40 mmHg

170
Q

In the pulmonary capillaries the partial pressure of O2 is? The partial pressure of CO2 is?

A

O2 40mmHg

CO2 is 45 mmHg

171
Q

In external respiration, each gas diffuses independently from?

A

The area where it’s partial pressure is higher to the area where it’s partial pressure is lower

172
Q

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic capillaries and tissue cells?

A

Internal respiration

173
Q

In systemic capillaries the partial pressure of O2 is? The partial pressure of CO2 is?

A

O2 100 mmHg

CO2 40 mmHg

174
Q

In the tissue cells the partial pressure of O2 is? And the partial pressure of CO2 is?

A

O2 40 mmHg

CO2 45 mmHg

175
Q

In internal respiration, each gas diffuses independently from?

A

The area where it’s partial pressure is higher to the area where it’s partial pressure is lower

176
Q

In. Person at rest, tissue cells only need about how much of the available O2 in oxygenated blood?

A

25%

177
Q

Deoxygenated blood, then actually non trains how much of its oxygen content?

A

75%

178
Q

Oxygen does not dissolve well in water, so 98.5% of the oxygen in the blood is bound to?

A

Hemoglobin in red blood cells

179
Q

The heme portion of hemoglobin contains how many atoms of iron? Each of which can bind to a molecule of O2 to form?

A

4 / oxyhemoglobin

180
Q

The remaining 1.5% of oxygen is dissolved in?

A

Plasma which is mostly water

181
Q

Which percentage of oxygen can diffuse out of tissue capillaries and into tissue cells

A

1.5%

182
Q

When each hemoglobin molecule has bound to 4 O2 molecules, it is what percentage of saturated?

A

100% (fully saturated)

183
Q

When each hemoglobin molecule has bound to 3 O2 molecules, it is what percentage of saturated?

A

75% saturated

184
Q

When each hemoglobin molecule has bound to 2 O2 molecules, it is what percentage of saturated?

A

50% saturated

185
Q

When each hemoglobin molecule has bound to 1 O2 molecules, it is what percentage of saturated?

A

25% saturated

186
Q

The most important factor that determines how much O2 binds to hemoglobin is?

A

The partial pressure of O2

187
Q

The higher the partial pressure, the more?

A

O2 combines with hemoglobin

188
Q

The higher the partial pressure, the greater affinity that hemoglobin has to?

A

Oxygen

189
Q

When the PO2 is between 60 and 100 mmHg, hemoglobin is what percentage saturated with oxygen?

A

90% or more

190
Q

When the PO2 is 40 mmHg, hemoglobin is what percentage saturated with oxygen? This is the situation in?

A

75% saturated with O2 / in the average tissue cells in an individual at rest

191
Q

When the PO2 is 20 mmHg, hemoglobin is what percentage saturated with oxygen?

A

35% saturated with Oxygen

192
Q

Besides the partial pressure of oxygen, Increased acidity, temperature, and/or the partial pressure of CO2 all cause hemoglobin to release Oxygen more readily, fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin more strongly than oxygen influence?

A

The affinity of hemoglobin for O2

193
Q

CO2 is transported in the blood in what 3 ways?

A

Dissolved in plasma (only about 7%), combined with amino acids and/or proteins (such as hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin) about 23%, within plasma as bicarbonate (about 70%)

194
Q

Control of the respiration by the CNS involves groups of neurons that make up what part of the brain?

A

The respiratory center

195
Q

The respiratory center of the brain consists of what 3 parts?

A

Medullary rhythmicity and pneumotaxic area, apneustic area

196
Q

This is in the medulla oblongata and controls the basic rhythm of respiration

A

Medullary rhythmic area

197
Q

In the pons and helps coordinate inhalation and exhalation

A

Pneumotaxic area and apneustic area

198
Q

The cerebral cortex enables an individual to voluntarily do what?

A

Alter breathing to an extent

199
Q

What things eventually causes breathing?

A

The buildup of CO2 and H+

200
Q

In the medulla oblongata AND in the arch of the aorta and the common carotid arteries detect changes in the concentrations of O2 CO2 and H+

A

.

201
Q

In the walls of bronchi and bronchioles and are involved in regulation of the amount of inflation in the lungs

A

Baroreceptors

202
Q

Baroreceptors aka

A

Bardo receptors

203
Q

Based on the information obtained by chemoreceptors and baroreceptors, the respiratory center in the brain can control what?

A

The response to changing conditions in the body

A & P II (12 decks)

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