Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System Flashcards
How does the respiratory system allow for gas exchange?
Intake of o2 from the air and the elimination of CO2 from the body
The respiratory system regulates this in blood?
The pH
The respiratory system contains receptors for?
The sense of smell
The respiratory system filters this as?
Filters air as it is breathed into the body
The respiratory system produces?
Sounds
By way of exhaled air, the respiratory system rids the body of?
Some water and heat
During cellular respiration, what is used to produce ATP?
Oxygen and glucose
A deficiency of oxygen in the cells that make up tissues in the body?
Hypoxia
As a result of cellular respiration, cells produce this as a waste product?
Carbon dioxide
Why must co2 be eliminated quickly and efficiently?
It produces acidity that can be toxic to cells
6 components of the respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, lungs
2 structures of the respiratory system?
Upper and lower
This part of the respiratory system consists of the nose, the pharynx, and associated structures
The upper
This part of the respiratory system consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
The lower
The external portion of the nose consists of (3)
2 nasal bones, maxillae, and cartilage coved by muscle and skin
two openings in the external nose (aka)
External nares (nostrils)
The internal portion of the nose is a large? It is lined with?
Large cavity / muscle and mucous membrane
The nasal cavity is also lined with these that help move mucus and tapped dust particles toward the pharynx
Ciliated cells
Two openings near the read of the nasal cavity which open into the pharynx (throat)?
Internal nares
Ducts from these two places also open into the internal nose?
Para nasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts
3 main functions of the nose?
(1) Warms, moistens, and filters INCOMING AIR, (2) detects olfactory STIMULI, (3) modifies VIBRATIONS as they pass through the hollow resonating chambers
A tube like structure that lies posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly to the lowest portion of the voice box? (Aka)
Pharynx (throat)
The wall of the pharynx consists of two layers of this line with?
Skeletal muscle (circular and longitudinal) lined with mucous membrane
This functions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech, sounds, and contains the tonsils.
The pharynx
3 regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
The uppermost part of the pharynx. Lies behind the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate and is lined with ciliated cells that help move mucus down the pharynx.
Nasopharynx
Part of the pharynx that contains the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) and the openings into the Eustachian tubes.
Nasopharynx
The middle part of the pharynx and lies behind the oral cavity and extends to the level of the hyoid bone.
oropharynx
the opening at the rear of the oral cavity?
fauces
Part of the pharynx that contains the palatine and lingual tonsils
oropharynx
the lower part of the pharynx that extends to just below the larynx
laryngopharynx
a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea
larynx
the voicebox
the larynx
this lies in the midline of the neck, just in front of the esophagus and C4-C6 vertebrae
the larynx
the wall of the larynx is made of how many pieces of cartilage? how many single? how many paired?
9 pieces of cartilage, 3 single and 3 paired
the 3 single cartilages of the larynx?
thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage
the Adam’s apple; forms the anterior wall. It is larger in males than females.
thyroid cartilage
a leaf-shaped piece of cartilage that is attached at its inferior end to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. The superior part of it acts as a trap door to close off the glottis during eating and drinking.
Epiglottis
why does the epiglottis act as a trap door to close off the glottis during eating and drinking?
prevents food, etc from passing into the airway.
the entrance to the trachea
glottis
a ring of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
cricoid cartilage
this connects thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone
thyrohyoid membrane
this is the landmark for a tracheotomy?
cricoid cartilage
the most important of the paired cartilages of the larynx are?
the arytenoid cartilages
these are triangular shaped pieces of paired cartilage of the larynx that is attached to the top of the posterior cricoid cartilage.
arytenoid cartilages
these paired cartilages of the larynx are attached to the true vocal cords (vocal folds) and influence changes in position and tension of these structures which are involved in speech.
arytenoid cartilages
the mucous membrane of the larynx forms what 2 pairs of folds?
ventricular folds (false vocal cords) and vocal folds (true vocal cords)
false vocal cords
ventricular folds
true vocal cords
vocal folds
when specific muscles of the larynx contract, they pull on arytenoid cartilages and cause?
the vocal folds to move apart or towards one another and vibrate because of tension in the folds.
sound originates from? what is needed for convert the sound into recognizable speech?
from the vibration of the vocal folds / other structures such as the tongue and lips
the windpipe
the trachea
a tubular passageway for air that is located anterior to the esophagus
the trachea
This extends from the larynx to the superior border of the T5 vertebra where it divides
The trachea
this is lined with mucous membrane and ciliated cells that help move mucus and trapped particles up toward the pharynx
the tracheal wall
the tracheal wall also contains? they help to?
elastic fibers and cartilage rings / keeps trachea from collapsing
At the superior border of t5, the trachea divides into a right and left? These lead to?
Right and left Primary bronchus / leads to each lung respectively
Which bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider?
The right primary bronchus
Like the trachea, the primary bronchi contain?
Cartilage rings and ciliated epithelial cells
Area where the trachea divides into the primary bronchi?
Carina
After entering the lungs the primary bronchi divide to form smaller?
Secondary bronchi
The secondary bronchi lead to each ______ of the lungs?
Lobes
How many lobes does the right lung have? How many does the left lung have?
Right = 3 Left = 2
The secondary bronchi branch and form? This leads to?
Tertiary bronchi / bronchopulmonary
The right lung has how many bronchopulmonary segments? The left lung?
Right = 10 Let = 10
The tertiary bronchi divide into?
Bronchioles
Bronchioles divide into?
Terminal bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles lead to?
Lobules
The breakdown of the tertiary bronchi from bronchioles to terminal bronchioles to lobules is called? Because?
Bronchial tree / it resembles an inverted tree
This is recognized because of the lack of the cartilage rings of the bronchi and they have smooth muscles that encircle the lumens of the airways.
Bronchioles
Paired-cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity?
The lungs
How are the lungs separated from each other?
The heart and other structures in the mediastinum
Consists of 2 layers and protects and encloses the lungs?
Pleural membrane
The pleural membrane consists of this superficial layer that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
Parietal pleura
This deeper layer of the pleural membrane covers the lungs?
Visceral pleura
A small space between the two layers of the pleural membrane
Pleural cavity
The pleural cavity contains this which is secreted by the membranes and reduces friction between them and causes them to stick together.
Lubricating fluid
The inferior broad portion that fits over the diaphragm
Base
The narrow upper portion of the lung
Apex
The medial surface of the left lung contains this area where the heart lies
Cardiac notch
The left lung is smaller than the right because?
Because of the space occupied by the heart
The right lung is shorter than the left lung because?
The diaphragm is higher on the right side to accommodate the liver
Both lungs have this that separates the inferior lobe from the rest of the lung.
Oblique fissure
Besides an oblique fissure, the right lung also has this that separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe.
Horizontal fissure
A region located on the medial surface of each lung that allows the bronchi, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and pulmonary blood vessels to enter and exit the lungs in this area.
Hilum
These are in the lungs and wrapped in elastic connective tissue. They contain a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole
Lobules
Terminals bronchioles subdivide into microscopic branches called?
Respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into? Which leads to?
Alveolar ducts / alveolar sacs
Alveolar sacs consists of 2 or more of?
Alveoli
A tiny air sac in the lungs which has a thin epithelial lining to allow for gas exchange.
Alveolus
What does the alveoli contain to keep them moist?
A liquid
A lipid component of alveolar fluid which helps keep the alveoli from collapsing?
Surfactant
What covers the outer surface of the alveoli?
Capillaries
The exchange of O2 and Co2 occurs by diffusion between?
The alveoli and the capillaries
The alveolar and capillary wall together make up?
The respiratory membrane
The lungs contain a total of how many alveoli?
300 million
The lungs receive blood from what two arteries?
The pulmonary and bronchial
Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle of the heart through the?
Pulmonary trunk
The pulmonary trunks divides into?
A left and right pulmonary artery
The left pulmonary artery enters the which lung? The right enters which lung?
Left enters left
Right enters right
These branch from the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs?
Bronchial arteries
These carry deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the superior vena cava which empties into the right atrium of the heart
Bronchial veins
The process of gas exchange in the body is called?
Respiration
3 main steps of respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation, external (pulmonary) respiration, internal (tissue) respiration
Breathing; the inhalation and exhalation of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs
Pulmonary ventilation
Breathing in
Inhalation
The breathing out
Exhalation
The exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane
External (pulmonary) respiration
The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
Internal (tissue) respiration
During this respiratory step the blood gains o2 and loses CO2
External (pulmonary) respiration
During this respiratory step the blood loses O2 and gains CO2
Internal (tissue) respiration
Body cells use the oxygen for?
Cellular respiration
Air moves into the lungs when?
Air pressure inside the lungs is less than that in the atmosphere
Air moves out of the lungs when?
Air pressure inside the lungs is greater than that in the atmosphere
Air pressure in the lungs changes with?
Lung volume
A sea level, the air pressure of the atmosphere is?
760 mmHG (millimeters of mercury) or 1 atmosphere (1atm)
A law of physics stating that the volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure
Boyle’s law
What 3 things happen as the lungs expand?
Lung volume increases, air pressure inside the lung decreases (to below atmospheric pressure), air moves into the lungs
A the lungs recoil (the opposite of expand), what 3 things happen?
Lung volume decreases, air pressure inside the lungs increases (to above atmospheric pressure), air moves out of the lungs
The lungs expand as what 3 muscles contract?
Muscles of inhalation, the diaphragm, external intercostals
A dome-shaped muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Contraction of the diaphragm causes it to? This does what to the size of the thoracic cavity?
Flatten / increases
Contraction of the external intercostals during inhalation causes what to happen to the ribs?
Elevation
During contraction of the external intercostals in inhalation, elevation of the ribs causes what to happen to the thoracic cavity?
Increases the size
As the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, the pleural membrane does what to the lungs?
Pulls them outward
During inhalation, what happens to the volume of the pleural cavity and the volume of the lungs?
They both increase
The pressure between the two layers of the pleural membrane?
Intrapleural pressure
During inhalation what happens to the intrapleural pressure?
It decreases from its normal 756 mmHg to 754 mmHg
The pressure inside the lung?
Alveolar pressure
During inhalation what happens to the alveolar pressure?
It drops from 769 mmHg to 758 mmHg
When intrapleural pressure and alveolar pressure drop, what ultimately happens?
Air moves into the lungs and inhalation takes place.
During exercises a deeper more forceful inhalation is necessary so accessory muscles are used to?
Further increase the size of the thoracic cavity
Since inhalation involves muscular contraction, it is considered what type of process?
Active
Since exhalation involves muscular relaxation instead of contraction, it is considered what type of process?
Passive
During exhalation as the diaphragm relaxes, it takes what shape?
Elevated to normal dome shape
During exhalation as the external intercostals relax, what happens to the ribs?
They are depressed
During exhalation the size of the thoracic cavity decreases causing what to happen to the lung volume?
Lung volume decreases
During exhalation, the alveolar pressure inside the lungs increases to?
About 762 mmHg
As the size of thoracic cavity and lung volume decrease and the alveolar pressure increases, what ultimately happens?
Air flows out of the lungs and exhalation occurs
During exercise of while playing a wind instrument, what happen to exhalation?
It becomes an active process
What 3 muscles contract during exercise exhalation? This causes what to happen?
Muscles of exhalation, the abdominals, and internal intercostals / alveolar pressure further increases and air is forcefully exhaled.
The ability of surfactant to reduce surface tension in the alveoli and prevent their collapse, the ability of compliance because of the lung’s elasticity, and increased airway resistance due to constriction of bronchioles
Other factors affecting pulmonary ventilation
Ability of lungs to expand or stretch
Compliance
The average respiratory rate in a healthy adult?
12 breaths a minute
The amt of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath
Tidal volume
At rest, what is normal tidal volume?
500 mL (1/2 liter)
What is the total lung capacity?
6000 mL (6 liters)
The amt if air that remains in the airways (from nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles) and does not undergo respiratory exchange
Respiratory dead space
The value of respiratory dead space is usually?
About 150 mL (about 30% of the tidal volume of 500 mL)
Gas exchange takes place mainly in the? To a Lesser extent?
Alveoli / alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles
About how much of tidal volume reaches the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
70%
Additional amt of air that can be inhaled by taking a very deep breath.
Inspiratory reserve volume
The inspiratory reserve volume is usually about?
3100 mL (3.1 liters)
Additional about of air that can be exhaled forcibly
Expiratory reserve volume
The expiratory reserve volume is usually?
About 1200 mL (1.2 liters)
Volume of air that remains in the lungs after exhalation
Residual volume
Residual volume is usually?
About 1200 mL (1.2 liters)
The total amount of air that can be inhaled and/or exhaled including the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes
Vital capacity
Vital capacity is usually?
4800 mL (4.8 liters)
Atmospheric air is mixture of gases. Name the gases and their percentages.
Nitrogen 78.6% Oxygen 20.9% Water Vapor 0.4% Carbon dioxide 0.04% Other gases 0.06%
Atmospheric pressure is how many mmHg?
760
Law stating that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure called partial pressure.
Dalton’s law.
What formula is used to find partial pressure?
% of gas in a mixture x the total pressure of the mixture
Te partial pressure of gases in inhaled air are?
p02 = 0.209 x 760 mmHg = 158.8 mmHg pCO2 = 0.0004 x 760 mmHg = 0.3 mmHg
Compared with air inhaled from the atmosphere, alveolar air has?
Less O2 and more CO2
A law stating the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility
Henry’s Law
More CO2 is dissolved in blood plasma than O2 because?
Carbon dioxide has a greater solubility
The diffusion of O2 from air in the alveoli to blood in pulmonary capillaries and the diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction
External respiration
In the pulmonary capillaries, the partial pressure of O2 is? The partial pressure of CO2 is?
O2 105 mmHg
CO2 is 40 mmHg
In the pulmonary capillaries the partial pressure of O2 is? The partial pressure of CO2 is?
O2 40mmHg
CO2 is 45 mmHg
In external respiration, each gas diffuses independently from?
The area where it’s partial pressure is higher to the area where it’s partial pressure is lower
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic capillaries and tissue cells?
Internal respiration
In systemic capillaries the partial pressure of O2 is? The partial pressure of CO2 is?
O2 100 mmHg
CO2 40 mmHg
In the tissue cells the partial pressure of O2 is? And the partial pressure of CO2 is?
O2 40 mmHg
CO2 45 mmHg
In internal respiration, each gas diffuses independently from?
The area where it’s partial pressure is higher to the area where it’s partial pressure is lower
In. Person at rest, tissue cells only need about how much of the available O2 in oxygenated blood?
25%
Deoxygenated blood, then actually non trains how much of its oxygen content?
75%
Oxygen does not dissolve well in water, so 98.5% of the oxygen in the blood is bound to?
Hemoglobin in red blood cells
The heme portion of hemoglobin contains how many atoms of iron? Each of which can bind to a molecule of O2 to form?
4 / oxyhemoglobin
The remaining 1.5% of oxygen is dissolved in?
Plasma which is mostly water
Which percentage of oxygen can diffuse out of tissue capillaries and into tissue cells
1.5%
When each hemoglobin molecule has bound to 4 O2 molecules, it is what percentage of saturated?
100% (fully saturated)
When each hemoglobin molecule has bound to 3 O2 molecules, it is what percentage of saturated?
75% saturated
When each hemoglobin molecule has bound to 2 O2 molecules, it is what percentage of saturated?
50% saturated
When each hemoglobin molecule has bound to 1 O2 molecules, it is what percentage of saturated?
25% saturated
The most important factor that determines how much O2 binds to hemoglobin is?
The partial pressure of O2
The higher the partial pressure, the more?
O2 combines with hemoglobin
The higher the partial pressure, the greater affinity that hemoglobin has to?
Oxygen
When the PO2 is between 60 and 100 mmHg, hemoglobin is what percentage saturated with oxygen?
90% or more
When the PO2 is 40 mmHg, hemoglobin is what percentage saturated with oxygen? This is the situation in?
75% saturated with O2 / in the average tissue cells in an individual at rest
When the PO2 is 20 mmHg, hemoglobin is what percentage saturated with oxygen?
35% saturated with Oxygen
Besides the partial pressure of oxygen, Increased acidity, temperature, and/or the partial pressure of CO2 all cause hemoglobin to release Oxygen more readily, fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin more strongly than oxygen influence?
The affinity of hemoglobin for O2
CO2 is transported in the blood in what 3 ways?
Dissolved in plasma (only about 7%), combined with amino acids and/or proteins (such as hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin) about 23%, within plasma as bicarbonate (about 70%)
Control of the respiration by the CNS involves groups of neurons that make up what part of the brain?
The respiratory center
The respiratory center of the brain consists of what 3 parts?
Medullary rhythmicity and pneumotaxic area, apneustic area
This is in the medulla oblongata and controls the basic rhythm of respiration
Medullary rhythmic area
In the pons and helps coordinate inhalation and exhalation
Pneumotaxic area and apneustic area
The cerebral cortex enables an individual to voluntarily do what?
Alter breathing to an extent
What things eventually causes breathing?
The buildup of CO2 and H+
In the medulla oblongata AND in the arch of the aorta and the common carotid arteries detect changes in the concentrations of O2 CO2 and H+
.
In the walls of bronchi and bronchioles and are involved in regulation of the amount of inflation in the lungs
Baroreceptors
Baroreceptors aka
Bardo receptors
Based on the information obtained by chemoreceptors and baroreceptors, the respiratory center in the brain can control what?
The response to changing conditions in the body
