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A & P II > Chapter 19 - Blood 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Blood 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of what 3 components?

A

Blood, heart, and blood vessels

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2
Q

This is the fluid that circulates substances throughout the body. It transports nutrients & wastes and is also involved in immunity,

A

Blood

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3
Q

This is a muscular pump that helps move the blood through the body.

A

The heart

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4
Q

These are arteries, veins and capillaries that are tube-like structure that contain the blood and carry it to body cells.

A

blood vessels

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5
Q

The branch of science that is concerned with the study of blood.

A

Hematology

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6
Q

This is the study of the heart

A

Cardiology

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7
Q

Nervous system control of the heart originates in?

A

The cardiovascular center

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8
Q

Where is the cardiovascular center located?

A

The medulla oblongata

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9
Q

Based of the information the cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata receives, it directs what to act?

A

The sympathetic and/or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to act.

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10
Q

The heart is innervated by nerves from where?

A

Both divisions of the ANS

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11
Q

This stimulation of the heart causes the release of norepinephrine.

A

Sympathetic stimulation

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12
Q

This stimulation by way of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) causes the release of acetylcholine.

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

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13
Q

Norepinephrine does what to the heart rate?

A

Causes it to increase

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14
Q

Acetylcholine causes the heart rate to do what?

A

Decrease

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15
Q

This is connective tissue composed of plasma (dissolved substances) and formed elements (cells and cells fragments)

A

Blood

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16
Q

This is the extracellular fluid that bathe body cells (the fluid outside the cells).

A

Interstitial fluid

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17
Q

This is the intercellular fluid inside cells.

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Name 3 functions of blood

A

Transportation, regulation, protection

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19
Q

What happens in the transportation function of blood?

A

Blood transports oxygen and nutrients TO body cells and carbon dioxide and wastes FROM body cells. It also transports hormones from endocrine glands to body cells.

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20
Q

In the regulation function of blood, what does blood help to do?

A

Regulate the pH of body fluids, the water content of ells, and the temperature of the body.

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21
Q

How does blood aid in protection?

A

It has the ability to clot which prevents its loss, helped in prevent of diseases by fighting bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances.

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22
Q

T or F? Blood is more viscous than water.

A

T

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23
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

100.4

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24
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

Slightly alkaline - 7.35-7.45

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25
Q

What is the average volume of blood in females and males?

A

Males: 5-6 liters
Females: 4-5 liters

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26
Q

Give the percentage breakdown of blood.

A

45% formed elements & 55% plasma

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27
Q

Normally 99% of the formed elements in blood are? What makes up less than 1%?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells / platelets (thrombocytes)

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28
Q

These are red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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29
Q

These are white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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30
Q

These are platelets.

A

Thrombocytes

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31
Q

What is left when the formed elements are removed from blood?

A

Plasma (a straw colored liquid)

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32
Q

Plasma is 91.5% what? The remaining 7% and 1.5% are?

A

Water / 7% is plasma proteins and the other 1.5% is dissolved substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases, and wastes.

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33
Q

Most of the plasma proteins are synthesized in the liver by?

A

Hepatocytes (liver cells)

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34
Q

Name 3 plasma proteins.

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

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35
Q

This plasma protein is the most abundant and transports steroid hormones and fatty acids.

A

Albumins

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36
Q

This plasma protein includes antibodies which help attack viruses and bacteria.

A

Globulins

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37
Q

This plasma protein is involved in blood clotting.

A

Fibrinogen

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38
Q

These are red blood cells and are the most numerous type of blood cell. They are red in color and are biconcave disks.

A

Erythrocytes

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39
Q

These are white blood cells and are the largest type of blood cell. They are pale and colorless. They are normally the least numerous type of blood cell and consists of 5 main types of white blood cells.

A

Leukocytes

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40
Q

These are platelets that consist of cell fragments and are pale or colorless.

A

Thrombocytes

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41
Q

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC’s is called?

A

Hematocrit

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42
Q

Normal hematocrit values for an adult female are? This could change because?

A

38-46% (average 42) / loss of blood during menstruation

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43
Q

Normal hematocrit value in adult males is? What can indirectly stimulate RBC synthesis?

A

40-54% (average 47) / testosterone

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44
Q

This is a condition from low hematocrit values

A

Anemia

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45
Q

This is a condition from high hematocrit values

A

Polycythemia

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46
Q

This is the process of blood cell production.

A

Hemopoiesis

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47
Q

Hemopoiesis occurs where after birth?

A

The red bone marrow

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48
Q

Where is red bone marrow located?

A

Within spongy bone tissue

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49
Q

These are unspecialized cells in the body that can divide to produce specialized cells.

A

Stem cells

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50
Q

Red bone marrow contains stem cells that?

A

Divide and/or develop into several types of immature cells before eventually giving ride to mature blood cells

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51
Q

These are a common type of immature blood cell.

52
Q

This is a hormone produced and released by the kidneys which stimulates red blood cell production.

A

Erythropoietin

53
Q

This is a hormone produced and released by the liver which stimulates platelet formation.

A

Thrombopoietin

54
Q

These are hormone-like molecules produced by red bone marrow cells. They stimulate white blood cell production.

A

Colony-stimulating factors (CSF’s) and interleukins

55
Q

Red blood cells contain this oxygen carrying protein which also give the erythrocytes their red color.

A

Hemoglobin

56
Q

What are normal RBC counts in females and males?

A

5.4 million in males / 4.8 million in females

57
Q

What shape does RBC’s have? They lack this when they mature.

A

Biconcave disc shape / a nucleus

58
Q

RBC’s plasma membranes contain these which give individuals their ABO and Rh blood types.

59
Q

These are chemical substances that can cause immune responses.

60
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules do each RBC’s contain?

A

280 million

61
Q

A hemoglobin molecule consists of?

A

A protein called globin, four non protein heme pigments, and 4 iron ions (Fe2+) one attached to each heme.

62
Q

How is oxygen transported by hemoglobin?

A

It binds with iron

63
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind to how many oxygen molecules?

64
Q

What is the normal hemoglobin value in infants? Females? Males?

A

Infants: 14-20g/100mL
Females: 12-16 g/100mL
Males: 13.5-18g/100mL

65
Q

Hemoglobin also transports what percentage of the total carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

66
Q

This is a waste product of metabolism.

67
Q

What is the lifespan of a RBC?

68
Q

What happens to dead or damaged RBC’s? What happens to the products that make up RBC’s?

A

They are removed from the blood and destroyed by cells in the spleen and liver / they are rechcled

69
Q

These blood cells have a nuclei and do not contain hemoglobin.

A

White blood cells (leukocytes)

70
Q

How long can WBC’s live?

A

Only a few days but some can live for several months or years.

71
Q

What is a normal WBC count?

A

5,000-10,000

72
Q

This is a low WBC count.

A

Leukopenia

73
Q

What is the general function of WBC’s?

A

To fight foreign microbes

74
Q

What does an increase in WBC usually indicate?

A

Inflammation or infection

75
Q

What are the 5 main types of WBC’s?

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

76
Q

This type of white blood cell makes up 60-70% of all WHC’s. they function in phagocytosis of arterial and are the first WBC type to respond to infection by bacteria.

A

Neutrophils

77
Q

These type of WBC’s account for 20-25% of all WBC’s.

A

Lymphocytes

78
Q

Only this percentage of lymphocytes are circulating in the blood at a given time while the rest are in lymphatic fluid and organs such as skin, lungs, lymph nodes, and the spleen.

79
Q

What are the 3 main types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells, T cells, natural killer cells

80
Q

These WBC’s mediate immune responses

A

Lymphocytes

81
Q

B cells develop into these? They then secrete?

A

Plasma cells / antibodies

82
Q

These are proteins that combine with antigens to destroy them and are particularly effective against bacteria.

A

Antibodies

83
Q

Antibodies/globulins are also secreted by? The are considered a type of?

A

The liver / a plasma protein

84
Q

These type of lymphocyte cells can attack viruses, bacteria, fungi, cancer cells, and transplanted tissues.

A

T cells and natural killer cells

85
Q

These make up 3-8% of all WBC’s and are the largest type of WBC.

86
Q

Monocytes take longer to arrive where? But what happens once they do?

A

At an infection site but once they do they arrive in large numbers and destroy more microbes.

87
Q

Monocytes are transported into the tissues by? Once at the tissues they enlarge and become?

A

Blood / macrophages

88
Q

These function in phagocytosis to clean up after infection.

A

Macrophages

89
Q

These type of WBC make up 2-4% of all WBC’s.

A

Eosinophils

90
Q

These type of WBC’s function in phagocytosis an destroy certain parasitic worms. They also release enzymes that combat the effects of inflammation.

A

Eosinophils.

91
Q

This type of WBC’s make up 0.5-1% of all WBC’s. they are involved in allergic reactions an inflammatory responses.

92
Q

What do basophils release when cells are injured?

93
Q

These are tiny cell fragments that lack a nucleus

A

Platelets (thrombocytes)

94
Q

Thrombocytes consists of?

A

A small amount of cytoplasm enclosed by a plasma membrane.

95
Q

How do platelets help stop blood loss from damaged vessels?

A

They form a platelet plug and promote blood clotting.

96
Q

How long do platelets live?

97
Q

What is normal platelet count?

A

150,000 - 400,000

98
Q

This is the series of 3 steps that stop bleeding and and when successful, prevents hemorrhage (the loss of large amounts of blood from large vessels).

A

Hemostasis

99
Q

What are the 3 steps of hemostasis?

A

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting

100
Q

During this step of hemostasis, the smooth muscles in the walls of damages arteries contract to reduce blood loss for up to several hours.

A

Vascular spasm

101
Q

During this step of hemostasis, platelets undergo changes that make them stick together and plug a hole in a blood vessel.

A

Platelet plug formation

102
Q

During this stage of hemostasis, there is coagulation of blood and formation of a thrombus.

A

Blood clotting

103
Q

What happens to blood as it clots?

A

It thickens and separates.

104
Q

This is blood plasma minus clotting proteins.

105
Q

A blood clot is a gel-like mass of?

A

Insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) and trapped elements

106
Q

What are the major factors involved in clotting?

A

Calcium ions, vitamin K, plasma proteins, enzymes

107
Q

These are two enzymes involved in blood clotting.

A

Prothrombinase & Thrombin

108
Q

Why are Ca2+ important to clotting?

A

It is necessary to form prothrombinase which is a clotting enzyme.

109
Q

This is important to clotting because it is required for the synthesis of an additional 4 clotting factors. It is a fat-soluble vitamin absorbed into the blood from the intestine and normally produced by bacteria that inhabit the large intestine.

110
Q

This medication works opposite of Vitamin K

111
Q

These are synthesized in the liver by hepatocytes and are involved in clotting.

A

Plasma proteins

112
Q

These are plasma proteins involved in blood clotting and are formed by the liver.

A

Prothrombin & Fibrinogen

113
Q

What enzyme converts fibrinogen into fibrin?

114
Q

This is the insoluble protein threads in a clot.

A

Fibrinogen

115
Q

What does the body do to unnecessary clots (many times a day little clots start to form).

A

Has the ability to dissolve them

116
Q

This is the dissolving of a blood clot

A

Fibrinolysis

117
Q

This is an enzyme in blood plasma that dissolves/digests the clot

118
Q

Plasmin must first be activated from its inactive form which is?

A

Plasminogen

119
Q

This is sometimes given to a stroke or heart attack victim to break up clots. It is synthesized by tissue endothelial cells and is the genetically-engineered version used medically. It activates plasmin.

A

t-Pa - tissue plasminogen

120
Q

Blood also contains these which can prevent clots.

A

Anticoagulants

121
Q

This is clotting in an unbroken blood vessel, usually a vein.

A

Thrombosis (ie: deep vein thrombosis).

122
Q

This is the actual blood clot.

123
Q

This is a blood clot that has broken loose, an air bubble, or even debris.

124
Q

This is an embolus that lodges in the lung,

A

Pulmonary embolism

125
Q

This enzyme converts prothrombin into thrombin.

A

Prothrombinase

A & P II (12 decks)

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