Chapter 19 - Blood 2 Flashcards
1
Q
The cardiovascular system consists of what 3 components?
A
Blood, heart, and blood vessels
2
Q
This is the fluid that circulates substances throughout the body. It transports nutrients & wastes and is also involved in immunity,
A
Blood
3
Q
This is a muscular pump that helps move the blood through the body.
A
The heart
4
Q
These are arteries, veins and capillaries that are tube-like structure that contain the blood and carry it to body cells.
A
blood vessels
5
Q
The branch of science that is concerned with the study of blood.
A
Hematology
6
Q
This is the study of the heart
A
Cardiology
7
Q
Nervous system control of the heart originates in?
A
The cardiovascular center
8
Q
Where is the cardiovascular center located?
A
The medulla oblongata
9
Q
Based of the information the cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata receives, it directs what to act?
A
The sympathetic and/or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to act.
10
Q
The heart is innervated by nerves from where?
A
Both divisions of the ANS
11
Q
This stimulation of the heart causes the release of norepinephrine.
A
Sympathetic stimulation
12
Q
This stimulation by way of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) causes the release of acetylcholine.
A
Parasympathetic stimulation
13
Q
Norepinephrine does what to the heart rate?
A
Causes it to increase
14
Q
Acetylcholine causes the heart rate to do what?
A
Decrease
15
Q
This is connective tissue composed of plasma (dissolved substances) and formed elements (cells and cells fragments)
A
Blood
16
Q
This is the extracellular fluid that bathe body cells (the fluid outside the cells).
A
Interstitial fluid
17
Q
This is the intercellular fluid inside cells.
A
Cytoplasm
18
Q
Name 3 functions of blood
A
Transportation, regulation, protection
19
Q
What happens in the transportation function of blood?
A
Blood transports oxygen and nutrients TO body cells and carbon dioxide and wastes FROM body cells. It also transports hormones from endocrine glands to body cells.
20
Q
In the regulation function of blood, what does blood help to do?
A
Regulate the pH of body fluids, the water content of ells, and the temperature of the body.
21
Q
How does blood aid in protection?
A
It has the ability to clot which prevents its loss, helped in prevent of diseases by fighting bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances.
22
Q
T or F? Blood is more viscous than water.
A
T
23
Q
What is the temperature of blood?
A
100.4
24
Q
What is the pH of blood?
A
Slightly alkaline - 7.35-7.45
25
What is the average volume of blood in females and males?
Males: 5-6 liters
Females: 4-5 liters
26
Give the percentage breakdown of blood.
45% formed elements & 55% plasma
27
Normally 99% of the formed elements in blood are? What makes up less than 1%?
Red blood cells, white blood cells / platelets (thrombocytes)
28
These are red blood cells
Erythrocytes
29
These are white blood cells
Leukocytes
30
These are platelets.
Thrombocytes
31
What is left when the formed elements are removed from blood?
Plasma (a straw colored liquid)
32
Plasma is 91.5% what? The remaining 7% and 1.5% are?
Water / 7% is plasma proteins and the other 1.5% is dissolved substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases, and wastes.
33
Most of the plasma proteins are synthesized in the liver by?
Hepatocytes (liver cells)
34
Name 3 plasma proteins.
Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
35
This plasma protein is the most abundant and transports steroid hormones and fatty acids.
Albumins
36
This plasma protein includes antibodies which help attack viruses and bacteria.
Globulins
37
This plasma protein is involved in blood clotting.
Fibrinogen
38
These are red blood cells and are the most numerous type of blood cell. They are red in color and are biconcave disks.
Erythrocytes
39
These are white blood cells and are the largest type of blood cell. They are pale and colorless. They are normally the least numerous type of blood cell and consists of 5 main types of white blood cells.
Leukocytes
40
These are platelets that consist of cell fragments and are pale or colorless.
Thrombocytes
41
The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC's is called?
Hematocrit
42
Normal hematocrit values for an adult female are? This could change because?
38-46% (average 42) / loss of blood during menstruation
43
Normal hematocrit value in adult males is? What can indirectly stimulate RBC synthesis?
40-54% (average 47) / testosterone
44
This is a condition from low hematocrit values
Anemia
45
This is a condition from high hematocrit values
Polycythemia
46
This is the process of blood cell production.
Hemopoiesis
47
Hemopoiesis occurs where after birth?
The red bone marrow
48
Where is red bone marrow located?
Within spongy bone tissue
49
These are unspecialized cells in the body that can divide to produce specialized cells.
Stem cells
50
Red bone marrow contains stem cells that?
Divide and/or develop into several types of immature cells before eventually giving ride to mature blood cells
51
These are a common type of immature blood cell.
Blasts
52
This is a hormone produced and released by the kidneys which stimulates red blood cell production.
Erythropoietin
53
This is a hormone produced and released by the liver which stimulates platelet formation.
Thrombopoietin
54
These are hormone-like molecules produced by red bone marrow cells. They stimulate white blood cell production.
Colony-stimulating factors (CSF's) and interleukins
55
Red blood cells contain this oxygen carrying protein which also give the erythrocytes their red color.
Hemoglobin
56
What are normal RBC counts in females and males?
5.4 million in males / 4.8 million in females
57
What shape does RBC's have? They lack this when they mature.
Biconcave disc shape / a nucleus
58
RBC's plasma membranes contain these which give individuals their ABO and Rh blood types.
Antigens
59
These are chemical substances that can cause immune responses.
Antigens
60
How many hemoglobin molecules do each RBC's contain?
280 million
61
A hemoglobin molecule consists of?
A protein called globin, four non protein heme pigments, and 4 iron ions (Fe2+) one attached to each heme.
62
How is oxygen transported by hemoglobin?
It binds with iron
63
Each hemoglobin molecule can bind to how many oxygen molecules?
Four
64
What is the normal hemoglobin value in infants? Females? Males?
Infants: 14-20g/100mL
Females: 12-16 g/100mL
Males: 13.5-18g/100mL
65
Hemoglobin also transports what percentage of the total carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
23%
66
This is a waste product of metabolism.
CO2
67
What is the lifespan of a RBC?
120 days
68
What happens to dead or damaged RBC's? What happens to the products that make up RBC's?
They are removed from the blood and destroyed by cells in the spleen and liver / they are rechcled
69
These blood cells have a nuclei and do not contain hemoglobin.
White blood cells (leukocytes)
70
How long can WBC's live?
Only a few days but some can live for several months or years.
71
What is a normal WBC count?
5,000-10,000
72
This is a low WBC count.
Leukopenia
73
What is the general function of WBC's?
To fight foreign microbes
74
What does an increase in WBC usually indicate?
Inflammation or infection
75
What are the 5 main types of WBC's?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
76
This type of white blood cell makes up 60-70% of all WHC's. they function in phagocytosis of arterial and are the first WBC type to respond to infection by bacteria.
Neutrophils
77
These type of WBC's account for 20-25% of all WBC's.
Lymphocytes
78
Only this percentage of lymphocytes are circulating in the blood at a given time while the rest are in lymphatic fluid and organs such as skin, lungs, lymph nodes, and the spleen.
2%
79
What are the 3 main types of lymphocytes?
B cells, T cells, natural killer cells
80
These WBC's mediate immune responses
Lymphocytes
81
B cells develop into these? They then secrete?
Plasma cells / antibodies
82
These are proteins that combine with antigens to destroy them and are particularly effective against bacteria.
Antibodies
83
Antibodies/globulins are also secreted by? The are considered a type of?
The liver / a plasma protein
84
These type of lymphocyte cells can attack viruses, bacteria, fungi, cancer cells, and transplanted tissues.
T cells and natural killer cells
85
These make up 3-8% of all WBC's and are the largest type of WBC.
Monocytes
86
Monocytes take longer to arrive where? But what happens once they do?
At an infection site but once they do they arrive in large numbers and destroy more microbes.
87
Monocytes are transported into the tissues by? Once at the tissues they enlarge and become?
Blood / macrophages
88
These function in phagocytosis to clean up after infection.
Macrophages
89
These type of WBC make up 2-4% of all WBC's.
Eosinophils
90
These type of WBC's function in phagocytosis an destroy certain parasitic worms. They also release enzymes that combat the effects of inflammation.
Eosinophils.
91
This type of WBC's make up 0.5-1% of all WBC's. they are involved in allergic reactions an inflammatory responses.
Basophils
92
What do basophils release when cells are injured?
Histamine
93
These are tiny cell fragments that lack a nucleus
Platelets (thrombocytes)
94
Thrombocytes consists of?
A small amount of cytoplasm enclosed by a plasma membrane.
95
How do platelets help stop blood loss from damaged vessels?
They form a platelet plug and promote blood clotting.
96
How long do platelets live?
5-9 days
97
What is normal platelet count?
150,000 - 400,000
98
This is the series of 3 steps that stop bleeding and and when successful, prevents hemorrhage (the loss of large amounts of blood from large vessels).
Hemostasis
99
What are the 3 steps of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting
100
During this step of hemostasis, the smooth muscles in the walls of damages arteries contract to reduce blood loss for up to several hours.
Vascular spasm
101
During this step of hemostasis, platelets undergo changes that make them stick together and plug a hole in a blood vessel.
Platelet plug formation
102
During this stage of hemostasis, there is coagulation of blood and formation of a thrombus.
Blood clotting
103
What happens to blood as it clots?
It thickens and separates.
104
This is blood plasma minus clotting proteins.
Serum
105
A blood clot is a gel-like mass of?
Insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) and trapped elements
106
What are the major factors involved in clotting?
Calcium ions, vitamin K, plasma proteins, enzymes
107
These are two enzymes involved in blood clotting.
Prothrombinase & Thrombin
108
Why are Ca2+ important to clotting?
It is necessary to form prothrombinase which is a clotting enzyme.
109
This is important to clotting because it is required for the synthesis of an additional 4 clotting factors. It is a fat-soluble vitamin absorbed into the blood from the intestine and normally produced by bacteria that inhabit the large intestine.
Vitamin K
110
This medication works opposite of Vitamin K
Coumadin
111
These are synthesized in the liver by hepatocytes and are involved in clotting.
Plasma proteins
112
These are plasma proteins involved in blood clotting and are formed by the liver.
Prothrombin & Fibrinogen
113
What enzyme converts fibrinogen into fibrin?
Thrombin
114
This is the insoluble protein threads in a clot.
Fibrinogen
115
What does the body do to unnecessary clots (many times a day little clots start to form).
Has the ability to dissolve them
116
This is the dissolving of a blood clot
Fibrinolysis
117
This is an enzyme in blood plasma that dissolves/digests the clot
Plasmin
118
Plasmin must first be activated from its inactive form which is?
Plasminogen
119
This is sometimes given to a stroke or heart attack victim to break up clots. It is synthesized by tissue endothelial cells and is the genetically-engineered version used medically. It activates plasmin.
t-Pa - tissue plasminogen
120
Blood also contains these which can prevent clots.
Anticoagulants
121
This is clotting in an unbroken blood vessel, usually a vein.
Thrombosis (ie: deep vein thrombosis).
122
This is the actual blood clot.
Thrombus
123
This is a blood clot that has broken loose, an air bubble, or even debris.
Embolus
124
This is an embolus that lodges in the lung,
Pulmonary embolism
125
This enzyme converts prothrombin into thrombin.
Prothrombinase
