Chapter 24 - The Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
The digestive system consists of what two things?
A
The gastrointestinal (GI) & accessory digestive organs
2
Q
The GI tract portion of the digestive system is a continuous tube that includes? (6)
A
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
3
Q
The accessory organs of the digestive system include? (6)
A
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
4
Q
Name the basic processes of the digestive system? (6)
A
Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation
5
Q
Involved in eating; is the taking of foods and liquids into the mouth
A
Ingestion
6
Q
Is the release of water, acids, enzymes, etc into the digestive tract
A
Secretion
7
Q
Churning and movement of food through the GI tract
A
mixing and propulsion
8
Q
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
A
Digestion
9
Q
Passage of digested products from the GI tract into the blood and lymph
A
Absorption
10
Q
The elimination of feces from the GI tract
A
Defecation
11
Q
Made up of wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria, sloughed-off cells
A
Feces
12
Q
The wall of the GI tract from the lower esophagus to the anal canal has the same basic 4-layered arrangement of tissues. They are?
A
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
13
Q
This is the inner lining of the GI tract?
A
Mucosa
14
Q
The mucosa is a mucus membrane that is composed of what 3 things?
A
Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
15
Q
What is the epithelium of the mucosa? It is in contact with?
A
A layer of cells which is in contact with the contents of the GI tract
16
Q
What is the lamina propria if the mucosa?
A
A layer of connective tissue
17
Q
What is the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa?
A
A thin layer of smooth muscle
18
Q
The wall of the stomach is composed of?
A
The same 4 layers as most of the rest of the GI tract with a few differences.
19
Q
The muscularis in the body of the stomach has how many layers of smooth muscle? As opposed to? The layers are?
A
3 as opposed to 2 as in the intestines and rest of the stomach / an oblique layer, middle circular layer, outer longitudinal layer
20
Q
The epithelium of the stomach extends deep down into the mucosa forming channels called?
A
Gastric pits
21
Q
Some of the epithelial cells of the stomach secret mucus and are called? The mucus helps to?
A
Surface mucous cells / protect the stomach from the acidic pH of stomach acid
22
Q
As the bottom of gastric pits in the stomach, there are these which are composed of secretory cells.
A
Gastric gland
23
Q
The gastric glands secret substances into? These substances eventually?
A
Into the gastric pits. They eventually reach the lumen of the stomach.
24
Q
The gastric glands contain 4 types of cells. They are?
A
Mucous neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells, g cells
25
A type of gastric gland cell that secretes mucus along with the surface mucous cells.
Mucous neck cells
26
A type of gastric gland cell that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Chief cells
27
A type of gastric gland cell that produces intrinsic factor (needed for the absorption of vitamin b12) and hydrochloric acid.
Parietal cells
28
A type of gastric gland cell that secretes the hormone gastrin into the bloodstream.
G cells
29
This helps regulate stomach secretions and motility (increases both)
Gastrin
30
Stomach acid aka?
Gastric juice
31
This is composed of the secretions of the mucous, parietal, and chief cells
Gastric juice (stomach acid)
32
How many quarts of gastric juice is secreted each day? What is the pH level?
2-3 quarts / 2 (strongly acidic)
33
How long does the passage of food from the mouth usually take?
Seconds
34
Once food enters the stomach, what happens?
Starch digestion by salivary amylase continues for awhile.
35
After starch digestion y salivary amylase, food becomes mixed with? What happens to the salivary amylase?
Gastric juice and liquified to form chyme and salivary amylase is inactivated.
36
Hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice kills many microbes in the food and causes?
The conversion of the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into the active version of pepsin.
37
This digests proteins by breaking bonds between amino acids
Pepsin
38
This is secreted by chief cells in its inactive form to prevent it from digesting proteins in the cells.
Pepsin
39
This is secreted by chief cells and digests triglycerides in fat.
Gastric lipase
40
Not much of this occurs in the stomach? Only for?
Absorption / water, alcohol,certain drugs (aspirin) and a few other substances
41
After 2-4 hours what has the stomach done?
Emptied contents into the duodenum
42
A retroperitoneal accessory digestive organ that is about 5-6 inches long and lies posterior to the stomach.
Pancreas
43
Pancreatic juices passes to the duodenum through what 2 ducts?
Pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) and accessory duct (duct of Santorini)
44
The pancreatic duct generally joins? It then enters the duodenum as a common duct called?
Common bile duct from the liver / hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
45
The accessory duct empties into?
The duodenum about an inch superior to the hepatopancreatic
46
The pancreas is made up of what two main types of cells?
Acini & Pancreatic islets
47
99% of the pancreatic cells are of this type. They secrete pancreatic juice
Acini
48
1% of pancreatic cells are of this type. They are endocrine cells that secrete hormones.
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
49
Ow much pancreatic juice does the pancreas produce each day?
1.2 - 1.5 quarts.
50
This substance is a clear, colorless liquid composed of water, some salts, sodium bicarbonate, and several enzymes.
Pancreatic juice.
51
The sodium bicarbonate gives pancreatic juice a pH of about? This buffers gastric juice and stops. What?
7.1 - 8.2 (slightly alkaline) / stops the action of pepsin.
52
Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease are enzymes found in?
Pancreatic juice
53
This digests starch
Pancreatic amylase
54
These pancreatic digestive juice enzymes digest protein. (3)
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
55
This digest juice enzymes digest triglycerides
Pancreatic lipase
56
This pancreatic digestive juice enzyme digests RNA
Ribonuclease
57
This pancreatic digestive juice enzyme digests DNA
Deoxyribonuclease
58
To prevent them from digesting proteins in the pancreas, these protein digesting enzymes are produced in an inactive form which are? (3)
Trypsinogen, chymotrypsingogen, procarboxypeptidase
59
This is the inactive form of trypsin
Trypsinogen
60
This is the inactive form of chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsinogen
61
This is the inactive form of carboxypeptidase
Procarboxypeptidase
62
The primary hormones secreted by the pancreas are?
Insulin and glucagon
63
Insulin is secreted by what cells?
Beta cells
64
Glucagon is secreted by?
Alpha cells
65
This raises blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
66
This lowers blood glucose levels.
Insulin
67
Low blood glucose levels in a person is termed?
Hypoglycemia
68
Hypoglycemia stimulate?
The secretion of glucagon
69
Glucagon targets cells of the? This causes them to convert?
Liver / glycogen into glucose
70
After glucagon is converted into glucose, the glucose is released into where? This causes?
Into the blood / blood glucose levels to rise
71
High blood glucose levels
Hyperglycemia
72
Hyperglycemia inhibits? It stimulates?
The release of glucagon and stimulates the release of insulin.
73
Insulin acts on? Increasing?
Various body cells increasing the rate at which glucose moves into them.
74
Most glucose that enters the liver is converted into?
Glycogen
75
This inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon.
Somatostatin
76
Insulin acting on various body cells and glucose entering the liver causes blood glucose levels to?
Decrease
77
The liver and gallbladder are two accessory digestive organs involved with the secretion of?
Bile
78
This emulsifies liquids before they are digested.
Bile
79
The liver is divided into two lobes by the?
Falciform ligament
80
This suspends the liver in the abdominal cavity?
Falciform ligament
81
The lobes of the liver are made up of?
Lobules
82
Liver cells within the lobules that secrete bile
Hepatocytes
83
The bile leaves the lobules of the liver through small ducts that eventually merge to form these which exit the right and left lobes.
Right and left hepatic ducts
84
The right and left hepatic ducts united and exit the liver as?
Common hepatic duct
85
The common hepatic duct joins this duct from the gallbladder? The form?
Cystic duct / common bile duct
86
The main function of the gallbladder is?
To store and concentrate bile produced by the liver until it is needed by the small intestine.
87
The wall of the gallbladder consists of what kind of muscle? It contracts and causes?
Smooth / the ejection of stored bile into the cystic duct
88
Hepatocytes secrete how much bile per day?
1 quart
89
This is a yellow, brownish, or olive-green liquid?
Bile
90
Bile has a pH of? It consists mostly of? (6)
7.6 - 8.6 / water, bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, bile pigments and several ions
91
The main bile pigment is?
Bilirubin
92
As old red blood cells are phagocytized, what is formed?
Iron, globin (protein), and bilirubin (derived from heme) are formed.
93
After bilirubin is formed from the phagocytized red blood cells, the bilirubin is secreted into?
Bile and eventually broken down in the small intestine.
94
One of the products of the breakdown of bilirubin in bile is?
Stercoblin
95
This gives feces its normal brown color
Stercoblin
96
These help to emulsify, or breakdown, large lipid molecules so that enzymes such as pancreatic lipase can digest them.
Bile salts
97
A yellowish coloration of the whites of the eyes and the skin due to a build up of bilirubin
Jaundice
98
Jaundice can occur when?
The liver does not function properly to eliminate bilirubin
99
The liver receives blood from these two sources.
Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.
100
The hepatic artery carries what kind of blood?
Oxygenated
101
The hepatic portal vein carries what kind of blood? It contains?
Deoxygenated blood containing newly absorbed nutrients, drugs, and microbes and toxins from the GI tract.
102
Branches of the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein carry blood into liver?
Sinusoids
103
Capillaries that carry oxygen, nutrients, and toxic cub stances to hepatocytes
Sinusoids
104
These carry deoxygenated blood away from the liver
Hepatic veins
105
the 3 regions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
106
The first and shortest region of the small intestine. About 10 inches long.
Duodenum
107
The second region of the small intestine. About 3 ft long.
Jejunum
108
The final and longest region of the small intestine. About 6 ft long.
ileum
109
This is at the junction of the ileum and the large intestine.
ileocecal sphincter
110
The wall of the small intestine is composed of?
The same 4 layers that make up most of the rest of the digestive tract.
111
The epithelium of the mucosa in the small intestine contains these cells what 2 cells?
absorptive and goblet cells
112
cells which absorb nutrients and found in the small intestine
absorptive cells
113
Cells in the small intestine which secret mucus
goblet cells
114
The functions of the liver (9)
carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, processing of drugs and hormones, excretion of bilirubin, synthesis of bile salts, storage, phagocytosis, activation of vitamin D
115
What does the carbohydrate metabolism function of the liver do?
helps to maintain a normal blood glucose level.
116
During this function of the liver, hepatocytes can store triglycerides, break down fatty acids, and synthesize cholesterol.
lipid metabolism
117
During this function of the liver, the hepatocytes break down amino acids, producing ammonia, which is toxic; ammonia is converted into urea, which is less toxic. Hepatocytes also synthesize most plasma proteins (immunoglobulins, albumin, prothrombin, and fibrinogen)
protein metabolism
118
During the processing of drugs and hormones in the liver, what is detoxified?
alcohol and drugs
119
During excretion function of the liver, what is excreted?
bilirubin
120
Synthesis of bile salts in the liver is used for?
lipid emulsification
121
What does the liver store?
glycogen and many vitamins and minerals
122
In the liver, phagocytosis is used for?
removal of old blood cells and bacteria
123
Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs in?
The small intestine
124
Along with the skin and kidneys, activation of this also happens in the liver.
Vitamin D
125
This is about 1 inch in diameter and 10 ft long in a living person. It is about 21 ft long after death due to the loss of smooth muscle tone.
The small intestine
126
These are deep crevices in the mucosa of the small intestine that secrete intestinal juice.
Intestinal glands
127
What cells are found in the intestinal glands of the small intestine? What else is found in these glands? (2)
Panted cells / secretin & cholecystokinin CCK
128
These are found in the intestinal glands of the small intestine and secret lysozyme and are capable of phagocytosis of microbes.
Paneth cells
129
This hormone is secreted by the cells in the intestinal glands of the small intestine and it causes the buffering of the acids in chyme.
Secretin
130
This hormone is secreted by the cells found in the intestinal glands of the small intestine. It stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and causes the contraction of the gallbladder
Cholecystokinin
131
The are found in the mucosa of the small intestine, particularly in the ileum.
Lymphatic nodules
132
To increase the surface area for absorption, the small intestinal wall has these features.
Circular folds (plicae circulares), villi, microvilli
133
These are folds of the wall of the small intestine. They cause the chyme to move in a spiral manner as it passes through.
Circular folds (plicae circulares)
134
These are found in the small intestinal wall and are finger like projections which contain blood and lymphatic (lacteals) into which absorbers nutrients pass.
Villi
135
These Are found in the small intestinal wall and are plasma membrane extensions of the absorptive cells.
Microvilli
136
There are 2 types of movements in the small intestine. They are?
Segmentation, peristalsis
137
A movement of the smooth intestine in which smooth muscles in the wall contract and relax to slosh the chyme back and forth.
Segmentation
138
A movement of the small intestine in which successive muscle contractions along thewallthat result in movement of the food through the tract.
Peristalsis.
139
How much intestinal juice is secreted by the small intestine each day?
1-2 quarts
140
What is the pH of intestinal juice? It is composed of?
7.6 (slightly alkaline) / mucus, water, and digestive enzymes
141
Name 4 digestive enzymes found in intestinal juice.
Maltase, lactase, sucrase, peptidase
142
This is a digestive enzyme found in intestinal juices that digests the sugar maltose?
Maltase
143
This is a digestive enzyme found in intestinal juices that digests the sugar lactose?
Lactase
144
This is a digestive enzyme found in intestinal juices that digests the sugar sucrose?
Sucrase
145
This is a digestive enzyme found in intestinal juices that digests proteins?
Peptidase
146
Passage of digested nutrients from the GI tract into the blood or lymph is called?
Absorption
147
The absorptive cells of the epithelium of the small intestine absorb?
Nutrients
148
Carbohydrates are absorbed as? They pass into?
Monosaccharides / capillaries of the villi
149
Proteins are absorbed as? They pass into?
Amino acids / into the capillaries of the villi
150
The villi capillaries of the small intestine lead to?
The hepatic portal vein
151
This carries nutrients to the liver before they reach general circulation.
The hepatic portal vein
152
Lipids are absorbed in the small intestine as?
Monoglycerides and fatty acids
153
These are tiny spheres of bile salts that help transport lipids within the chyme in the small intestine.
Micelles
154
Instead of passing directly into the bloodstream, lipids pass into?
The lacteals of the villi and then into lymphatic vessels
155
These are large proteins spheres that help transport lipids within lymphatic vessels
Chylomicrons
156
This is about 5 ft long and 2.5 inches in diameter
The large intestine
157
This is a small pouch at the beginning of the large intestine.
The cecum
158
This is attached to the cecum
The appendix
159
This is the long, tubular part of the large intestine.
The colon
160
Name the 4 regions of the colon.
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon.
161
This part of the colon is located on the right side of the abdomen.
The ascending colon.
162
Tis part of the colon runs horizontally across the abdomen
Transverse colon
163
This part of the colon is located on the left side of the abdomen
The descending colon
164
This is the s-shaped part of the colon that is located between the descending colon and the rectum.
Sigmoid colon
165
This is the last portion of the GI tract.
The rectum
166
The last inch of the rectum is called?
The anal canal
167
The anal canal opens exterior at the?
Anus
168
This is composed of smooth muscle and is located nearest the anal canal
The internal anal sphincter
169
Is the internal anal sphincter voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
170
This is composed of skeletal muscle and is located outside the internal anal sphincter.
The eternal anal sphincter
171
Is the external anal sphincter voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary
172
The wall of the large intestine is somewhat similar to that of?
The small intestine.
173
The wall of the large intestine does not contain?
Circular folds of villi
174
This has the same 4 layers, epithelial, absorptive and goblet cells, intestinal glands, and lymphatic nodules as the GI tract?
The large intestine.
175
These are longitudinal bands that run most of the length of the large intestine.
Teniae coli
176
The teniae coli gather the walls of the large intestine into a series of pouches called? This is what gives the colon its puckered appearance.
Haustra
177
Movement of chyme through the large intestine occurs by peristalsis and?
Haustral churning
178
Are digestive enzymes secreted by the large intestine?
No
179
In the large intestine, what is secreted and whatbreaks down the remaining nutrients?
Mucus / bacteria
180
Bacteria breaking down the remaining nutrients in the large intestine allows for?
The absorption of vitamin K an some B vitamins
181
What other 3 things does the large intestine absorb?
Water, ions, and vitamins
182
Chyme is changed into this which is secreted from the body.
Feces
183
This in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal serves primarily as a protective lining of the GI tract.
Epithelium
184
The stomach and intestines are line with this which is specialized for secretion and absorption
Epithelium
185
How often are epithelium cells sloughed off and replaced by new cells?
Every 5-7 days
186
The lamina propria is a connective tissue found in the GI tract that contains?
Many blood and lymphatic vessels
187
The lamina propria of the GI tract supports and binds?
The epithelium and binds it to the muscularis mucosae
188
The lamina propria of the GI tract contains this which protects against diseases.
Lymphatic tissue (nodules)
189
The muscularis mucosa of the mucosa within the GI tract has numerous? What are these designed to do?
Folds designed to increase the surface area of the mucus membrane for digestion and absorption
190
This is a connective tissue layered of the GI tract that binds the mucosa to the muscularis.
Sub mucosa
191
The sub mucosa contains?
Many blood and lymphatic vessels
192
The sub mucosa also contains this which is a network of neurons involved in control of secretions within the digestive tract
Submucosal plexus
193
The submucosa may contain?
Glands and lymphatic tissue
194
The muscularis of the mouth, pharynx, and middle to upper parts of the esophagus contain? This allows for?
Skeletal muscle / voluntary swallowing
195
This is composed of skeletal muscle to allow for voluntary control of defecation.
External anal sphincter
196
The parts of the GI tract not included in the mouth, pharynx, and parts of the upper and lower esophagus consists of this that is generally found in 2 sheets.
Smooth muscle
197
This is the inner layer of smooth muscle found in the muscularis.
Circular muscle
198
This is the outer layer of smooth muscle found in the muscularis
Longitudinal muscle
199
This is a network of neurons found between the layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis; this is involved in motility (movement) within the digestive tract.
Myenteric plexus
200
The portions of the GI tract that are suspended in the abdominopelvic cavity have a superficial layer called?
Serosa
201
The serosa is composed of?
Epithelial and connective tissue
202
This consists of a layer of epithelial and an underlying layer of connective issue.
Peritoneum
203
The peritoneum is divided in what 2 parts? They are separated by?
Parietal & visceral peritoneum / peritoneal cavity
204
What does the peritoneal cavity contain?
Peritoneal fluid
205
The part of the peritoneum that lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The parietal peritoneum
206
This part of the peritoneum covers some of the organs in this cavity and is their serosa.
Visceral peritoneum
207
Name the 5 folds of the peritoneum
Greater momentum, falciform ligament, lesser momentum, mesentery, mesocolon
208
Tissue is a fatty apron that drapes over the intestines
Greater omentum
209
The greater omentum varies in?
The amt of adipose tissue it contains.
210
This is the "beer belly" in some individuals
Greater omentum
211
The lesser omentum contains these to help fight infection in the digestive tract.
Lymph nodes
212
This part of the peritoneum suspends the stomach and first part of the small intestine from the liver
Lesser omentum
213
The lesser omentum also contains these to help fight infection in the GI tract
Lymph nodes
214
This part of the peritoneum binds the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall
Mesentery and mesocolon
215
The mesentery and mesocolon contain? (3)
Blood, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes.
216
This part of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior part of the abdominal wall and diaphragm
Falciform ligament
217
The mouth is also called? Aka?
Oral cavity or buccaneer cavity
218
The oral cavity is formed by the? (4)
Cheeks, tongue, hard palate, soft palate
219
This is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth. It is formed by the maxillae and palatine bones and separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
Hard palate
220
This forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth and is primary muscle.
Soft palate.
221
This, along with the soft palate, close off the nasopharynx during swallowing.
Uvula
222
This is the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx
Fauces
223
These release saliva into the oral cavity.
Salivary glands
224
This helps keep the mucus membrane lining of the mouth and pharynx moist and help to cleanse the mouth and teeth.
Saliva
225
What 4 things happen when food enters the mouth?
Secretion of saliva increases, it lubricates, dissolves, and begins the chemical breakdown of food.
226
Name the 3 major salivary glands
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands
227
These salivary glands are located in the cheek near the ears
Parotid glands
228
These salivary glands are located in the floor of the mouth near the mandible
Submandibular glands
229
These salivary glands are located beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands
Sublingual glands
230
Is saliva acidic or non acidic? What is its pH?
Slightly acidic (pH 6.35 - 6.85)
231
What makes up saliva?
99.5% water and 0.5% splinted
232
What are the 0.5% solutes that make up saliva? (7)
Ions, mucus, lgA, the enzymes lysozyme and salivary amylase, and the wastes urea and uric acid
233
What enzyme kills some bacteria within the mouth?
Lysozyme
234
Salivary amylase acts on?
Starch
235
what is the secretion of saliva called?
salivation
236
salivation is controlled by?
the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic stimulation)
237
how much saliva is secreted each day?
1-1.5 liters
238
what two things can cause salivation?
the chemicals in food and the smell, sight, or thought of food.
239
this is a speciic viral infection of the salivary glands usually the parotid gland.
mumps
240
This is an accessory digestive organ composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane.
Tongue
241
This form the floor of the oral cavity and is attached to the hyoid bone, the styloid process of the temporal bone, and the mandible.
The tongue
242
The tongue helps maneuver food for chewing and shape it into a rounded mass called?
A bolus
243
The tongue is also involved in?
speech and swallowing
244
This is a fold of mucous membrane underneath the tongue which attaches it to the floor of the mouth and limits its movement posteriorly.
lingual frenulum
245
The upper and lateral surfaces of the tongue are covered with? Many of these contain taste buds which are the receptors for?
papillae / gustation (taste)
246
These are accessory digestive organs anchoroed (by ligaments) in the sockets of the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae.
teeth
247
These cover the alveolar processes (teeth)
gingivae (gums)
248
The teeth are composed of this internally and this externally? Both of these substances are harder than bone because?
dentin & enamel / because of their higher content of calcium mineral salts
249
What two sets of teeth do humans have in their lifetime? How many of each?
deciduous (baby) - 20 and permanent - 32
250
Where does digestion begin?
The mouth
251
This type of digestion results from mastication, or chewing, and a bolus is formed.
Mechanical digestion
252
During this type of digestion, the water in saliva dissolves the food somewhat so enzymes can react with it during?
chemical digestion
253
Salivary amylase begins the breakdown of this into smaller molecules
starch
254
Starch is a?
polysaccharide
255
This is a muscular tube that extends from behind the nasal cavity to the esophagus and larynx
pharynx
256
Name the order of the passage of food (4)
mouth, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus
257
This is a muscular tube that extends from the interior laryngopharynx to the stomach.
esophagus
258
The esophagus pierces the diaphragm through an opening called?
the esophageal hiatus
259
This is composed of skeletal muscle and regulates the movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus.
The upper esophageal sphincter
260
This is composed of smooth muscle and regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach.
lower esophageal sphincter
261
What does the esophagus secrete?
mucus
262
The esophagus transport food into?
The stomach
263
The esophagus does not produce any of this? It does not carry out what function?
digestive enzymes / absorption
264
This is the act of swallowing
deglutition
265
Where is the deglutition center contained?
the medulla oblongata
266
name the 3 stages of swallowing
voluntary, pharyngeal, and esophageal stage
267
During this stage of swallowing, the bolus passes from the mouth into the oropharynx.
Voluntary stage.
268
Is the voluntary stage of swallowing involuntary or voluntary?
voluntary
269
During this stage of swallowing, the bolus passes through the pharynx to the esophagus.
Pharyngeal stage
270
Is the pharyngeal stage of swallowing involuntary or voluntary?
involuntary
271
During this stage of swallowing, the bolus moves to the stomach by peristalsis.
Esophageal stage
272
Is the esophageal stage voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
273
This is the successive muscular contractions in the walls of the esophagus
peristalsis
274
This is a j-shaped enlargement of the digestive tract
the stomach
275
this is located on the left side of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm
the stomach
276
what connects the esophagus to the small intestine?
the stomach
277
This mixes the food and holds it temporarily until the small intestine is ready to receive it.
The stomach
278
Digestion of this continues in the stomach? Digestion of what beings?
starch / proteins and triglycerides
279
In the stomach, the semisolid bolus is converted into? What is absorbed?
Chyme / various substances.
280
Name the 4 regions of the stomach.
Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus
281
this part of the stomach surrounds the opening into the stomach from the esophagus
cardia
282
this is the rounded superior portion of the stomach
fundus
283
this is the large central portion of the stomach
body
284
This part of the stomach connects to the duodenum of the small intestine
pylorus
285
The first part of the small intestine
duodenum
286
These are folds of the mucosa layer of the stomach
rugae
287
This part of the stomach is a ring of smooth muscle between the pylorus and the duodenum of the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
288
The stomach normally remains closed, but allows small amounts of partially digested food into the duodenum, a little at a time, during a process called?
gastric emptying
