Chapter 22 - The Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards
The lymphatic system has what 3 main functions?
DRAINS excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood, TRANSPORTS lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) absorbed by the GI tract to the blood, CARRIES out specific immune resonses against certain foreign invaders (microbes, etc)
The lymphatic system consists of what 4 things?
a fluid called lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic organs, and other lymphatic tissues
Give 5 exmplaes of lymphatic organs?
red bone marrow, the thymus, lymph nodes, and the spleen
What does the lymphatic system help in?
circulting body fluids and defending the body against disease-causing organism or substances
Most components of blood plasma filter out through capillary walls to form?
interstitial fluid
Interstitial fluid passes into these? It is them called?
lymphatic capillaries / lymph
Lymph is usually what color?
clear, pale yellow fluid
Interstitial fluid is located? Lymph is located?
between cells / within lymphatic vessels and lymphatic tissue
These are tiny vessels located in the spaces between cells. They are closed at one end
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries unite to form?
larger lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels are similar to? How do they differ?
veins except they have thinner walls and more valves
Lymphatic vessels unite to form these first then?
Lymphatic trunks then lymphatic ducts
What are the 2 main types of lymphatic ducts
Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct) & right lymphatic duct
This is the main duct for the return of lymph to the blood. It receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest, the left arm, and the entire lower body and drains it into venous blood near the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.
Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct)
The lymphatic system consists of what 4 things?
a fluid called lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic organs, and other lymphatic tissues
Give 5 exmplaes of lymphatic organs?
red bone marrow, the thymus, lymph nodes, and the spleen
What does the lymphatic system help in?
circulting body fluids and defending the body against disease-causing organism or substances
Most components of blood plasma filter out through capillary walls to form?
interstitial fluid
Interstitial fluid passes into these? It is them called?
lymphatic capillaries / lymph
Lymph is usually what color?
clear, pale yellow fluid
Interstitial fluid is located? Lymph is located?
between cells / within lymphatic vessels and lymphatic tissue
These are tiny vessels located in the spaces between cells. They are closed at one end
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries unite to form?
larger lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels are similar to? How do they differ?
veins except they have thinner walls and more valves
Lymphatic vessels unite to form these first then?
Lymphatic trunks then lymphatic ducts
What are the 2 main types of lymphatic ducts
Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct) & right lymphatic duct
This is the main duct for the return of lymph to the blood. It receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest, the left arm, and the entire lower body and drains it into venous blood near the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.
Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct)
This receives lymph from the right side of the head, neck, chest, and the right arm and drains it into venous blood near the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins
right lymphatic duct
Stem cells in red bone marrow give right to what 2 cells?
b cells / pre t cells
Pre T cells migrate to where? There they develop into?
The thymus / develop into mature t cells
Some the mature T cells leave the thymus and travel through the bloodstream to?
lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphtic tissues
This is a lymphatic organ located in the mediastinum between the aorta and the sternum
thymus
This thymus is large in? It atrophies after?
infants / puberty is reached
Most T cells are formed when?
before puberty but some cintinue to develop in the thymus throughout an individual’s lifetime
These are bean shaped organs consisting of masses of B cells and T cells that have migrated through the blood.
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are found?
scattered throughout the body and are located at intervals along lymphatic vessels
As lymph passes through lymph nodes what happens?
it is filtered as it travels through the lymphatic vessels
This is a lymphatic organ located in the left side of the abdominal cavity near the stomach and diaphragm
the spleen
The spleen contains what 2 cells? What does it do in relation to immunity?
B and T cells / carries out immune functions related to these cells
The macrophages in the spleen remove what?
pathogens and wornout/dead/damaged blood cells from the blood
The spleen stores up to how much of the body’s supply of platelets?
1/3
During fetal life, what does the spleen produce?
blood cells
This is another organ that contains some lymphatic tissue.
appendix
These are also composed of lymphatic tissues and are located in the pharynx.
tonsils
What are the 5 tonsils?
Adenoid (or pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
This is a single tonsil in the nasopharynx
adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)
These are two tonsils located at the rear of the oral cavity. The ones usually removed during a tonsillectomy.
Palatine tonsils
These are two tonsils located at the base of the tongue
lingual tonsils
This is the natural ability of the body to fight damage or disease
resisteance
What are the 2 types of resistance?
Nonspecific resistance & specific resistance or immunity
This type of resistance consists of defense mechanisms that are present at irth and give immediate protection against pathogens and foreign substances
nonspecific resistance
Nonspecific resistance includes the barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes and include?
lacrimal fluid, stomach acid, saliva, perspiration, phagocytes (neutrophils & macrophages), natural killer cells, inflammation
The ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading organisms or substances is called?
specific resistance/immunity
Substances that are recognized as foreign and cause immune responses are called?
antigens
In this type of disease the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues. List a few examples.
autoimmune diseases / multiple sclerosis, type 1 diavetes, eheumatoid arthritis, lupus
Most body cells contains antigens (transmembrane glycoproteins) in thir plasma membranes which collectively make up the?
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
The antigens that make up the major histocompatibilty complex are also somtimes referred to as? Why?
human leukocyte antigens (HLA) because they were first identified on white blood cells.
The major histocompatibilty complex of antigens consists of how many?
many thousands of molecules that vary from one individual to another
Which individuals have the sam MHC type of antigens?
identical twins
When “matching” is done for bone marrow or other organ ransplants, a donor and recipient are compared with respect to?
their MHC antigen compositions
Depending on the antigen receptors they have, T cells are classified as?
either CD4 or CD8 cells
CD4 and CD8 cells must be recognized by this before they can?
An antigen and be activiated before the can eliminate foreign invaders
Once activated, T cells do what?
They divide, differentiate, and produce 3 specific types of cells.
What are the 3 types of cells produced by T cells?
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells
Most CD4 cells develop into these cells which cause both B cells and T cells to proliferate?
Helper T cells
CD8 cells develop into these cells which leave lymphatic tissues to destory infected cells (or cancerous cells) by digesting them or causing them to rupture and die.
Cytotoxic T cells
These cells “remember” antigens that have previously invaded the body and can quickly eliminate them.
Memory T cells.
In addition to the MHC antigens, the plasma membranes of B cells and T cells have these which enable them to recognize foreign antigens and respond the them.
antigen receptors
These cells can recognize antigens that have previously invaded the body and quickly eliminate them.
Memory B cells.
These are chemically glycoproteins (carbohydrates attached to proteins)
antibodies
antibodies are also known as?
immunoglobulins
The structure of an antibody matches?
antigen much as a lock accepts a specific key
Antibodies travel through lymph and can inavtivated specific foreign antigens by?
binding with them
Some antigen-antibody complexes are destroyed by?
phagocytic cells
Name the 5 classes of antibodies
lgG, lg, lgM, lgD, lgE
These antibodies are the most abundant and account for about 80% of all antibodies in the blood. They can cross the placenta from mother to fetus giving neborns immune protection.
lgG
These antibodies make up 10-15% of antibodies in the blood. Levels decrease during stress.
lgA
These antibodies make up 5-10% of antibodies in the blood. They are first secreted by plasma cells.
lgM
These antibodies makes up only about 0.2% of antibodies in the blood.
lgD
These antibodies makes up less than 0.1% of all antibodies in the blood and are involved in allergic reactions.
lgE
