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Lecture > Chapter 28: Pregnancy and Development > Flashcards

Chapter 28: Pregnancy and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

in the Fallopian tubes

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2
Q

From fertilization through week 8, the developing offspring is called _________________

A

an embryo

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3
Q

From week 9 through birth, the developing offspring is called _________________

A

a fetus

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4
Q

Before fertilization can occur, sperm must reach the _________________

A

the ovulated secondary oocyte

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5
Q

What is a fertilized egg called?

A

a zygote

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6
Q

When does a zygote form?

A

When the DNA of sperm and egg fuse

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7
Q

An oocyte is fertilizable for up to _________________ and most sperm are viable within the female reproductive tract for _________________

A

24 hours, one or two days

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8
Q

Sperm must survive the hostile environment of the vagina and become _________________ before fertilzation can occur

A

capacitated (aka activated)

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9
Q

Hundreds of sperm must release their _________________ to break down the egg’s _________________ and _________________

A

acrosomal enzymes, corona radiata and zona pellucida

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10
Q

After the sperm goes inside the oocyte and a cortical reaction occurs and prevents

A

polyspermy (more sperm from entering)

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11
Q

What attracts the sperm to the egg?

A

positive chemotasxis

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12
Q

After sperm penetration, the secondary oocyte completes _________________

A

meiosis II

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13
Q

What is cleavage?

A

a period of rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without growing in size.

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14
Q

When does cleavage occur?

A

After the zygote is formed

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15
Q

What does cleavage result in?

A

a morula

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16
Q

What is a morula?

A

A ball of cells (the same size as the zygote) called

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17
Q

By day 3-4 of fertilization the morula travels down the falllopian tube and becomes a A ball of cells (the same size as the zygote) called

A

blastocyst

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18
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

a fluid filled hollow sphere. OUter cells are called trophoblast cells and on one side inside there is a mass called “inner cell mass”

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19
Q

What do trophoblast cells form?

A

eventually becomes the placenta

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20
Q

What 4 things do the inner cell mass form?

A

1) embryo
2) Amnion
3) Yolk Sac
4) Allantois

21
Q

Define amnion

A

bag filled with fluid

22
Q

what’s made in the yolk sac?

A

the first red blood cells

23
Q

What does the allantiois form?

A

the blood vessels of the umbilical cord (the allantois develops from the gut of the embryo)

24
Q

Where does the blastocyst burry itself?

A

into the endrometrius

25
Q

Once embedded, the blastocyst forms __________

A

the chorion

26
Q

What is the chorion?

A

the outer layer of blastocyst that forms the placenta

27
Q

How long does it take for the placenta to form?

A

3 months (1st trimester)

28
Q

What does the chorion produce?

A

hCG hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin)

29
Q

What does hCG do?

A

keeps the corpus luteum, which keeps estrogen and progesterone levels high)

30
Q

What hormone do pregnancy tests test for?

A

hCG

31
Q

Define blastula

A

ball of cells that undergoes gastrulation. The blastocyst is converted to a gastrula when the three primary germ layers form.

32
Q

Define gastrulation

A

the developmental process that produces the 3 primary germ layers

33
Q

What forms as a result of gastrulation?

A

the primitive digestive tract (a tube that goes through the gastula, eventually each end of the tube will be the mouth and the anus)

34
Q

What are the three germ layers of a gastula? (from outermost layer to the innermost layer)

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

35
Q

what does the ectoderm form?

A

nervous system, pituitary, adrenal medulla, epidermis of skin, eyes, nasal, oral, and anal epithelium

36
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A

muscles, bones, connective tissue, cardiovascular system, lymphatic and blood system, urogenital organs, and dermis of skin

37
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

GI tract and glands (liver, pancreas, gall bladder), urinary bladder, respiratory epithelium

38
Q

What helps sperm recognize the egg?

A

bindin

39
Q

Right before fertilization, the oocyte is still in __________

A

metaphase 2

40
Q

What does the Wolffian Duct System make?

A

it makes male internal organs (epidiymis, seminal vesicles, prostate)

41
Q

What does the Mullerian Duct System make?

A

it makes female internal organs (ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina)

42
Q

Which system do embryos have?

A

both the Wolffian and Mullerian Duct System

43
Q

if __________ is present, mullerian develops; by default the external organs are __________

A

no y is present, female (labia, clitoris)

44
Q

If __________ is present, testes develop, testes in fetus produce __________ and __________

A

y is present, testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF) (no Mullerian system)

45
Q

Testosterone locally leads to __________

A

the Wolffian duct system to develop, which develops male internal organs

46
Q

Testosterone systematically (in the whole body) leads to __________

A

the development of the penis (~7 weeks)

47
Q 
The same tissue that develops...
the testes=
penis=
bulbourethral glands=
scrotum=
A

the testes= ovaries
penis= clitoris
bulbourethral glands= vestibular glands (lubrication)
scrotum=labia

48
Q

There are 2 processes that form sex organs; __________ and __________

A

one for internal organs and one for external organs

Lecture (17 decks)

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