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Lecture > Chapter 19: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

arteries, capillaries, veins

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2
Q

Arteries carry blood ______________________

A

away from the heart

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3
Q

Veins carry blood _________________________

A

toward the heart

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4
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

contact tissue cells

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5
Q

What are some of the physical differences between an artery and a vein?

A

Artery: contain a muscular wall, thicker,are able to withstand more pressure Vein: lack muscular wall, more like a drain rather than a pump, thinner

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6
Q

What is the center of a blood vessel called? (central blood-containing space)

A

lumen

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7
Q

What are the three wall layers in arteries and veins? (inside to outside)

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

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8
Q

The tunica media is _______ in an artery than in a vein

A

thicker

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9
Q

THe tunica externica is also known as __________

A

tunica adventida (nerves, lymphatic)

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10
Q

Elastic arteries don’t _____________

A

vasodilate or vasocontrict (because if they did, blood would pump back into the heart and/or blood wouldn’t have enough pressure to pump to the whole body)

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11
Q

Elastic arteries come from ___________ and contain __________

A

the heart (closest to the heart), elastin Elastic arteries are thick and large to accommodate for blood flow

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12
Q

Muscular arteries go to ______ and contain_______

A

organs, smooth muscle

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13
Q

Muscular arteries (can/cannot) vasoconstrict and vasodilate

A

can

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14
Q

Can arterioles vasoconstrict and vasodilate?

A

yes

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15
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

“exchange vessels” exchange O2 and pick up CO2

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16
Q

What is the equation for blood flow?

A

blood flow= ΔP/R (change in pressure over resistance)

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17
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

blood volume/minute

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18
Q

What is blood flow equal to?

A

BF=CO (blood flow=cardiac output)

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19
Q

When blood pressure increases, ____________ (on aorta) trigger vessels to ____________ to reduce blood pressure

A

baroreceptors, vasodilate

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20
Q

Capillaries are microscopic and have a _________ tunica intima, which allows ____________ to pass through

A

thin, only a single RBC to pass through at a time (single file)

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21
Q

What are pericytes? And what do they control?

A

cells that help stabilize capillary walls (form barriers), like insulation They control permeability, more pericytes less leakage

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22
Q

Capillaries provide direct access to __________________ and only have ______________

A

almost every cell, tunica intima

23
Q

Capillaries exchange ____, ____, ____, between __________ and ______________.

A

gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc, blood, and interstitial fluid

24
Q

What are the three capillary types?

A
  1. Continuous (less openings, least permeable) 2. Fenestrated 3. Sinusoid (most permeable, most openings)
25
Q

Identify each of the three capillaries

A

a) Continuous (least permeable)
b) Fenestrated
c) Sinusoid (most permeable)

26
Q

What is microcirculation?

A

networks of capillaries between arterioles and venules

27
Q

What do precapillary sphincters do?

A

regulare blood flow into true capillaries or to shunt

28
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

The fluid the RBCs reside in (blood without RBCs)

29
Q

When your body is hot and needs to cool down precapillary sphincters _______________ so blood can flow ____________

A

open, through true capillaries and cool down

30
Q

When your body is cold and needs to warm up, precapillary sphincters __________ so that blood can flow _____________

A

close, through the metarteriole-throughfare channel and bypass true capillaries

31
Q

Venules form when _____________

A

capillary beds unite

32
Q

Venules are very ______ which allows ______ and _______ into tissues

A

porous, fluids and WBCs

33
Q

Veins are formed when ____________

A

venules converge

34
Q

Veins have _________ walls and ___________ lumens

A

thinner, larger

35
Q

Blood pressure is __________ in veins than in arteries

A

lower

36
Q

Veins are also called ____________ and contain up to ____________% of blood suppy

A

capacitance vessels, 65%

37
Q

Veins don’t have __________ and _______ blood to heart

A

muscular walls, drains

38
Q

Veins have ______ valves (unlike arteries)

A

one way valves

39
Q

What are three vein adaptations that ensure blood return to the heart?

A
  1. Large diameter lumens 2. Venous valves 3. Venous sinuses (spaces)
40
Q

What are three factors that aid in venous return?

A
  1. Muscular pump (skeletal muscle contraction “milks” blood toward heart) 2. Respiratory pump (breathing squeezes abdominal veins, which push blood toward heart, the diaphragm) 3. Venoconstriction (sympathetic NS, pushes blood toward heart)
41
Q

What is blood flow?

A

volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or entire circulation

42
Q

What is blood pressure (BP)?

A

force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood

43
Q

What is resistance (peripheral resistance)?

A

opposition to flow, amount of fiction blood encounters with vessel walls

44
Q

When resistance increases, blood flow ___________

A

decreases

45
Q

Blood flow is _________ proportional to resistance

A

inversely (if R increases, blood flow decreases)

46
Q

Blood flow is __________ proportional to blood pressure gradient (ΔP)

A

directly (if ΔP increases, blood flow increases/speeds up)

47
Q

Where you would you find continuous capillaries?

A

skin, muscle, blood-brain barrier

48
Q

Where would you find fenestrated capillaries?

A

Areas of active absorption or filtration, kidney or small intestine

49
Q

Where would you find sinusoid capillaries?

A

liver, bone marrow, and spleen

50
Q

Capillary beds are where networked of capillaries form between ____________ and ____________

A

arterioles and venules

51
Q

When the sphincters are closed, blood only flows from the terminal arteriole (red) through the ____________ and ____________, then flows out of the postcapillary venule (blue)

A

Metaarteriole (red) and thoroughfare channel (blue)

52
Q

What drains the capillary bed?

A

the postcapillary venule

53
Q

What are the some short term ways to counteract fluctuations in blood pressure?

A

(by means of neural and hormonal controls)

altering resistance and CO by vasoconstriction or vasodilation, baroreceptors, epinephrine, and noepinephrine

54
Q

How does your body counteract fluctuation in blood pressure long term?

A

direct or indirect renal regulation (which alters blood volume via urine output or retaining water)

Lecture (17 decks)

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