Chapter 17: Blood Flashcards
What is the composition of blood?
The fluid is a connective tissue
- Plasma
- Formed elements: Living blood “cells”
What are 3 blood elements?
- Erythrocytes: RBC
- Leukocytes: WBC
- Platelets
What %of Erythrocytes(RBC) make up blood in a male and a female?
about 45% in male
about 42% in female
The average is +/- 5% nationally
When blood is placed in a centrifuge what happens? What are the layers and their %?
The blood will separate into plasma 55% of whole blood, Buffy coat(the luekocytes and platelets)<1% whole blood, and the Erythrocytes(RBC) 45% of whole blood
what is the pH of blood?
What % of total body weight is blood?
and what is the average volume of blood?
pH 7.35-7.45
about 8% of total body weight
and about 5-6 L for males, and 4-5 L for females
what are the 3 functions of blood?
- Distrubuting substances
- regulating blood levels of substances
- Protection
True or false
Only WBC are complete cells.
True
True or False
RBC have no nuclei or organelles.
True
What is the most dense component of blood?
Erythrocytes(RBC), they go to the bottom of the hemocrit
What are 3 charecteristics of RBC that contribute to its ability to transport gas?
- Biconcave shape provides more surface area
- it is 97% hemoglobin which binds to respiratory gases
- The erythrocyte does not have mitochondria and produces its own ATP through anaerobic mechanisms it does ot use the O2 it transports
What happens with high amounts of erythrocytes? low amounts?
With high amounts the blood loses it viscosity and travels slower. To low RBC the blood will become “thin”
What is hemoglobin?
A protein that makes RBC red, bind easily and reversibly w/ O2
What is the structure of Hemoglobin?
consists of Globin, composed of 4 polypeptide chains(2 alpha and 2 Beta).
And has 4 heme groups, which is a pigment bonded to each globin. All together each Hemoglobin can carry 4 O2.
What does each Heme have in hemoglobin?
has an atom of Fe
How many hemoglobins does one RBC have?
about 250 million
What is blood cell formation referred to as? where does it occur?
Hematopoiesis occurs in the red bone marrow
what is hemoglobin called when O2 is loading in the lungs?
Unloading in the tissues?
and Loading CO2?
in the lungs its called Oxyhemoglobin
Unloading in the tissues is caled Deoxyhemoglobin
When carrying CO2 its called Caraminohemoglobin
What would cause Hypoxia?
Decreased RBC count, decreased amount of hemoglobin, and decreased availability of O2
What does the kidney do when you are hypoxic?
Releases eryhtropoietin
What does Erythropoietin do?
Stimulates red bone marrow to release more RBC which allows more O2 to be carried
True or False
RBC have a nucleus so they under go Mitosis to regenerate.
False. RBC do not have a nucleus or organelles
What is the life span of Erythrocytes?
Life span of 100-120 days, then the old RBC become fragile and Hb beins to degenerate. They will get trapped by the spleen where macrophages will engulf the old RBC
When macrophages engulf RBC what happens?
Iron (Fe) is salvaged for reuse, heme is degraded to yellow pigment bilirubin and the globin is metabolized into Amino acids
What happens to the bilirubin?
The liver sends it to the gallbladder then it is released with the bile and released from the colon
What is Anemia?
a condition where the blood’s oxygen carrying capability is too low
What 3 reasons cause Anemia?
- Blood loss
- Not enough RBC produced
- Too many RBC destroyed
What is Thalassemias anemia?
What is sickle cell?
Thalassemias is when one globin is missing and sickle cell is caused by an abnormal hemoglobin.
What makes the sickle cell erythrocyte?
1 amino acid change of the 146 amin acids in beta chain of globin molecule
Leukocytes aka _____ _____ ______. Are the only complete cell with a ______ and ________.
AKA White blood cells and have a nuclei and organelle.
What percent of blood voume do Leukocytes make up? and what is their function?
They make up <15 of blood volume and are defense against disease.
What is diapedesis?
passage of WBC through intact blood vessel walls into tissue
How do Leukocytes move towards affected area?
positive chemotaxis. The WBC leaves the vessel and follows a chemical trail left by damaged cells or other leukocytes.
What 2 categories are there for leukocytes?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
What cells are granulocytes?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
What cells are agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
What is the quantity of leukocytes from highest to lowest?
“Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
What are Neutrophils?
They are the body’s bacteria slayers. They are the most numerous WBC and have 3-6 lobes in nucleus. They are granulocytes
What are Eosinophils?
They have a role in allergies, asthma, and in modulating immune response. They are granulocytes
What are Basophils?
They are the rarest WBCs. They contain histamine which acts as a vasodilator which helps attract more WBC to inflamed site.
How do you Identify arganulocyte blood cells?
They lack visible cytoplasmic granules and have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei
What are Lymphocytes?
They are the second most abundant WBC. found mostly in lymphoid tissue and few ciculate in blood. There are T-lmphocytes and B-lymphocytes
What are the functions of T and B lymphocytes?
T-lymphocytes function in the immune response by acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells. B-lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies
What are monocytes and their function?
They are agranular and leave circulation and enter tissue and differetiate into macrophages. They also activate lymphocytes to mount immune response
The production of WBC is called ________. What is it stimulated by?
leukopoiesis and stimulated by chemical messenger
What 2 messengers act to increase production of WBC?
Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
What creates platelets? And what are platelets essential for?
They are fragments of very large megakaryocytes. They are essential for clotting
What hormone regulates platelet formation?
Thrombopoietin
What factor helps platelets stick to collagen?
Von willebrand factor
What are the 3 steps to stop bleeding?
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plug formation. Platelets stick to collagen exposed in damaged tissue
- Coagulation. Fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBC and platelets
What is intrinsic pathway of coagulation?
vessel damage exposes collagen. Platelets stick to collagen. Factors release PF3 which activates prothrombin activator which catalyzes the conversion to thrombin. Thrombin then catalyzes fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin then creates mesh over clot
What blood type is known as the “universal recipient?”
Type AB
if a person is type A blood. What type can they receive? And what type of antibody does it have?
A and O. Carries the Anti-B
If a person is type B blood what can they receive? Ad what antibody does it carry?
B and O. Carries the Anti-A
If a person has type O blood, what can they receive?
only receive O. But it is a universal Donor
What are the 3 granular leukocytes?
Eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils
What are the 3 agranular leukocytes?
Monocytes, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes
What stem cell give rise to eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes?
Myeloid stem cell
The blood volume in an adult averages approx?
5L
The hormonal stimulus that prompts RBC formation is?
erythropoietin
The most numerous WBC is?
Neutrophils
Blood proteins play an important role in A. Blood clotting B. immunity C. Maintenance of blood volume D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The WBC that releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals is the……
basophil
the blood cell that can become an antibody-secreting cell is the…….
lymphocyte
Which of the following does NOT promote multiple steps in the clotting pathway? A. PF3 B. Factor XI C. Thrombin D. Ca2+
B. Factor XL. In blood coagulation the factors go to X(ten). X factors binds with PF3 and Ca2+ to release prothrombin activator
What is plasma protein spectrin?
It is what makes the RBC flexible so it can fit through smaller capillaries.
Globin is composed of 4 __________ chains. Two ______ and two ________.
Globin is composed of 4 polypeptide chains, Two alpha and two Beta chains..
What is the heme?
Pigment bonded to each globin chain and has Fe(iron).
How many O2 molecules can on hemoglobin carry?
4 O2 molecules
What percentage of CO2 binds to Hemoglobin? what is the hemoglobin called at this point?
about 20%, it is called Carbaminohemoglobin
How long does it take for Erythrocytes to form?
15 days
What hormone is released to stimulate more erythrocyte formation? What releases it?
Erythropoietin released by the kidney
_______ is the stem cell for lymphocytes.
________ is the stem cell for all other leukocytes.
Lymphoid stem cells make T and B lymphocytes.
Myeloid stem cells make Nuetrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
What is the developmental pathway to making platelets?
Hematopoietic——> Megakaryoblast——–> Megakaryocyte(Stage II/III)———-> Megakaryocyte(stageIV)———>Platelets
Platelets are fragments of _________.
Megakaryocytes
what is a thrombus?
A Embolus?
A Embolism?
Thrombus is a clot that persist in an unbroken vessel. When the thrombus breaks free and floats in bloodstream it is an embolus. As the embolus floats in the bloodstream it gets caught in a vessel and obstructs the vessel it is now an embolism. i.e. Stroke, heart attack, pulmonary embolism(PE).
What is known as the Universal Donor?
O- or just O(whatever fuck face feels he wants the answer to be this time)
Long Live…….
Mohammad
