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Lecture > Chapter 16: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Study of hormones and endocrine organs

A

Endocrinology

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2
Q

Endocrinology influences metabolic activities via _____ transported in blood

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Have ducts (body surface)

A

Exocrine Glands

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4
Q

No ducts (blood)

A

Endocrine Glands

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5
Q

DNA → RNA

A

Transcription

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6
Q

RNA → Protein

A

Translation

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7
Q

Two main classes of hormones

A

Amino acid-based & steroids

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8
Q

Second messengers (3)

A
  1. cAMP
  2. PIP2
  3. cGMP
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9
Q

Factors of target cell activation (3)

A
  1. Number of receptors on or in target cell
  2. Blood levels of hormone
  3. Affinity between receptor and hormone
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10
Q

As more accumulates, it slows the product

A

Negative feedback

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11
Q

As more accumulates, it speeds up the product

A

Positive feedback

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12
Q

Up regulation

A

Hormone ↓; Receptors ↑

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13
Q

Down regulation

A

Hormone ↑; Receptors ↓

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14
Q

One hormone can not do its effect without another hormone

A

Permissiveness

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15
Q

One or more hormones work together towards the same effect

A

Synergism

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16
Q

Hormones have opposite effect

A

Antagonism

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17
Q

– Controlled by negative feedback systems

– Vary only within narrow, desirable range

A

Blood levels of hormones

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18
Q

Endocrine glands synthesize and release

hormones in response to

A

– Neural stimuli
– Humoral stimuli
– Hormonal stimuli

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19
Q

Neuron → Blood hormone

A

Neural

20
Q

Neuron → Blood → Gland → Hormone

A

Humoral

21
Q

Neuron → Hormone → Gland → Hormone → Gland → Hormone

A

Hormonal

22
Q

Pituitary gland also known as:

A

Hypophysis

23
Q 
Pituitary gland (hypophysis) has two 
major lobes:
A 
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis, pars nervosa) & Anterior lobe 
(adenohypophysis, pars distalis)
24
Q

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is made up of

A

Neural tissue

25
Q

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is made up of

A

Glandular tissue

26
Q

Hormones of the posterior Pituitary

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone

OXY (oxytocin)

27
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A

prevents urine formation, regulates H2O balance, and targets kidneys
Coffee & alcohol inhibit ADH

28
Q

OXY (oxytocin)

A

↑ smooth muscle contraction, milk let down, neurotransmitter in brain, “maternal behavior”, social bonding, and “love”

29
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A 
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 
• Luteinizing hormone (LH) 
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or 
thyrotropin 
• Prolactin (PRL) 
• Endorphins 
• Growth hormone (GH)

“FLAT PEG”

30
Q

Thyroid Hormone (TSH)

A

hypothalamus → TRH troponin → anterior pituitary → TSH → Blood → thyroid gland → thyroid hormone

31
Q

Growth Hormone (inhibited)

A

hypothalamus → GH RH → anterior pituitary → GH → bones/muscles

32
Q

GnRH - Gonadotroponin-RH (FSH, LH)

A

hypothalamus → Gn RH (FSH RH, LH RH) → anterior pituitary → GN (FSH, LH) → blood → target gonads →
Females: FSH - egg; LH - ovulation
Males: FSH - sperm; LH - testosterone

33
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

hypothalamus → PRL RH → anterior pituitary → PRL → blood → target

34
Q

Adrenocorticotroponin Hormone ( ACTH)

A

hypothalamus → ACTH LH → anterior piuitary → ACTH → blood → adrenal gland → hormones → blood

35
Q

The adrenal cortex has three layers of cortex that produce different corticosteroids

A

–Zona glomerulosa—mineralocorticoids
–Zona fasciculata—glucocorticoids
–Zona reticularis—gonadocorticoids

36
Q

Essential to life, electrolyte balance (Na, K)

A

Mineralcorticoids

37
Q

*Cortisol; cortisone; corticosterone; glucogenesis from fats and protein; brain needs glucose

A

Glucocorticoids

38
Q

Estrogen; testosterone; onset of puberty, secondary sex characteristics, sex drive in women, post-menopausal estrogen

A

Gonadocorticoids

39
Q

Chromaffin cells produce epinephrine and norepinephrine

Dopamine → NE → E

A

Medulla (Adrenal cortex)

40
Q

Has both exocrine and endocrine cells

A

Pancreas

41
Q

Exocrine and endocrine glands of the pancreas

A

–Acinar cells (exocrine) produce enzyme-rich
juice for digestion
–Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
contain endocrine cells Pancreatic islet

42
Q
  • Alpha (α) cells produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone)

* Beta (β) cells produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)

A

Found in pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

43
Q

Produce steroid sex hormones

A

Gonads

44
Q

Produce estrogens and progesterone

A

Ovaries

45
Q

Secretes estrogens, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

Placenta

Lecture (17 decks)

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